MORD ON THE SPIRITHERS IN CURRENT
Chortków is simply a town located 76 km from Tarnopol and 82 km from Chernivtsi. The first mention of him dates back to 1427. On maps from the time of the reign of Władysław Jagiełła, this village is marked as Czortkowice. 1 of its first owners was Jerzy Czortkowski. In 1522 King Sigismund I the Old gave the settlement Magdeburg law. In 1610 the construction of the castle began in the city. It belonged to the Holskis and then to the Potocks. Its last owner was Jerome Sadowski. In the 17th century, the castle played an highly crucial function during the Tatar invasions, which were poorly armed. But erstwhile they began utilizing dense artillery, the fortress was captured by them.
Jews have been in Czortkow at least since 1616 – the old cemetery has preserved matzeves with this date, including the tombstone of Rabbi David Mosz. On another matzeves there were inscriptions: “Here lies the beloved and virtuous woman, Mrs. Riwka, daughter of Jechel, let her memory be blessed, she died on the 24th day of the period of Tamuza 1623” and: “Sarah her name, daughter of Icchak, died and was buried on the 29th day of the period of Siwan 1636.”
It is possible that the judaic settlement in the city began even before 1616. In his book “Maseat Binyamin” on earlier past of Czortkow, David Binyamin, rabbi of Podhorcs, writes that Jews came to the city for commercial purposes. They sold wine, which yet became 1 of their most crucial activities. This is mentioned in the book Die Juden von Barnov nach Höheren Gesetzen and Rabbi David of Bolechov, whose father besides traded wine. It was in 1739 that he accompanied his father on a journey to Kamieniec Podolski, whose way passed through Tyśmienica, Buchacz and possibly through Czortków.
From 1630 to 1655 the town was besieged by the Turks, and after the Polish-Turkish wars it was within the borders of the Ottoman Empire. From 1678 to 1683, Czortków was the residence of Turkish feed governor.
Czortkowski Jews have besides suffered in the Polish-Cossack Wars. The problems with the Cossacks have always accompanied them, as you can read in the book Rhabbie Isaac (Jizchak) Rosenzveig of 1809. Bad relations with the nobility, on the another hand, were circumstantial to only 1 period of their history. In 1645 Poles began to fishy the judaic community of cooperation with Cossacks.
As the Lithuanian author writes in his book “Jewish Souls” (Volume V), then the Jews were exiled from the city to the suburb, which has since been called the Exile. It later became 1 of the judaic districts of Czortkow.
Jews began returning to the city in 1705. The Annals attest that the first to settle in Czortkow were the families of Rabbi Jaakov and Rabbi Chaim, the boy of “the pious rabbi of Israel (Yisoel)”. There are respective matzeves on the cemetery with inscriptions “son of the devout rabbi of Israel”. 1 of them dates back to 1702.
In 1683 Andrzej Potocki liberated the city from Turkish power. After the establishment of the peace of the dwarf in 1699 it returned to the Republic. At that time Potocki's rights to Czortkow were besides updated. From the annals of the judaic community we learn that in 1745 Jews were invited again to settle in the city, although they were officially able to live in it before – Stefan Potocki allowed it in 1722. The paper is entitled “Rights given to the Jews by Stefan Potocki” ("Stefan Potocki, Teresa Potocka, Joachim Potocki 1772). By his power, the Jews could settle in the city, build houses and shops in it, and choose where to live. For each home they paid 3 gold for the city treasure, and if the building was with the store – 5 PLN, if it was only a store – 3 gold, and if it was “behind the river” (i.e. behind Seret) – 1 gold. Rabbi and Chazan's houses and hospitals were exempt from these fees. The judaic community was under its own jurisdiction. If 1 of its members was not satisfied with the cahalus decision, he might have turned to the politician or the voivodes. Jews were obliged to work on road and castle repairs, as well as to participate in the defence of the fortress. The town's owner – their protector – had to pay taxes for selling beer and vodka.
DOMINICAN FATHER CLASS
The monastery in Czortkow was established in 1610. The re-election of Blessed Czesław's home took place in 1992. 3 fathers presently work there. Czortkowskie dominicans service parishes: Jagielnica, Fatty, Lisowce, Szybowce, Black Forest.
GOD’S parent CROATTER
The painting of Our woman of Czortkowska was painted by an unknown artist most likely in the late 15th century.
The image of Our woman of Rosary comes from the Dominican church of Czortkow lying in the tower of the Seret River. This image has been in the chapel of St. Jack's Church in Warsaw since September 1983. It was first transported in 1945 to Krakow, where it was preserved. In Czortków, he was surrounded by large reverence for 300 years and was planned to decorate him with papal crowns. There is now a faithful copy of it in Czortkow. Both in Czortków and Warsaw, documentation is collected to address the Holy See for coronation of the first in Warsaw and copies in Czortków.
In 1663, King Jan Kazimierz of Poland donated the painting (which has been in Ostrownia close Witebsk since the end of the 15th century) to the Dominicans in Czortków. The image was provided with a Latin inscription: "Jan Kazimierz, King of Poland, was in Czortkow with the Wonderful Image from Ostrownia". In 1910 he was transferred to the recently built Dominican monastery church in Czortkow. On 29 August 2009, Archbishop Mieczysław Mokrzycki, the metropolitan of Lviv, coronated a copy of the painting of Our woman of Czortkowski in the Dominican Church of St Stanislaus in Czortkow.
DECLARATION IN CURRENT
Little is known about the communicative of the rabble which occurred on the night of January 21 to January 22, 1940 in the Soviet-occupied Czortków, on the Podol. This is the only case of specified action against the Soviets in the areas occupied by them in 1939.
Czortkowski Uprising – Polish, local liberation spur, which occurred on the night of 21/22 January 1940 in occupied by Soviets Czortkow. The Czortkowski Uprising was the first anti-Soviet armed revolt of Poles during the Second planet War.
In June 1941, after the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, the NKVD began to evacuate any of the prisoners from Czortkow and slaughter the others. According to the study of the Polish witness, the column of prisoners was driven on the road to Żytomierz, through Winnica and Human. The weak were struck along the way, so that most were murdered before reaching Humania. Another group of prisoners were transported by rail for seventeen days from Czortkow to Gorky. The journey in the carriages, full of animal feces, was held in tightness and heat, resulting in a large mortality – in 1 of the carriages from 1 100 and thirty-five people died thirty-four. The bodies of the dead guards were removed all fewer days. The others in Czortkowski prison were murdered by device guns, and their bodies were buried in the prison courtyard.
MARRIAGE OF DOMINIAN FATHERS FROM CURT
The Dominican Fathers' Convention of St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr in Czortków, founded the Russian Voivodeship Stanisław Górski in 1610. For centuries this place was permanently included in the past of Poland, especially during the period of the Second Republic, erstwhile it was the main centre of cultural and spiritual life of the inhabitants of Podola, in the border belt of the USSR. While the activities of the Dominican brothers among the surrounding population aroused expanding respect for the faithful, it created serious concerns for russian intelligence services, to which the extended activity of the Catholic Church was not in taste. This situation intensified even more with the russian attack on Poland – 17 September 1939 and the business of Czortkow. The Aggressor joined the programme and complex fight against the Church, which was manifested, among others, in the removal of religions and symbols associated with it from schools and state offices. Mariusz Krzysztofinski, from the IPN in Rzeszów, at the same time as the persecution of civilians began surveillance of the friars, the monastic property was re-arranged and the military took the place. "The opposition of Czortkow's population to Bolshevik aggression and the unsuccessful effort to remove monks resulted in a wave of mass repression. advanced taxes were imposed on the monastery, punishments for civilians were besides laid down, and the most disbelief towards the russian government went to prison. On 22 June 1941, with the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, the evacuation of prisoners began. In accordance with the decisions made, prisoners sentenced to death, or those to whom long-term sentences were ordered, were to be shot, and the remainder carried out deep into the USSR. According to IPN data, the remains of about 200 people, out of 1,300 inmates, were found walled in the prison building in Czortków or buried in its courtyard. A group of about 700 alleged "enemies" ZSRS were deported to Humania and were killed there, and 350 more were transported in inhuman conditions by rail to Russia, where they mostly died. – The peculiar enemies were besides considered to be Fathers and Brothers of the Order of Ecclesiastes (Dominicans), of which 8 killed the NKVD in July 1941. The interiors of the church and monastery were besides desecrated. Those who managed to get into the interior of the monastery and the church were elevated, scattered on the level of the Blessed Sacrament and adored him in their own homes," said Mariusz Krzysztofinski. The ceremonial ceremony of Dominican martyrs was held on 13 July 1941, under the leadership of Fr Paweł Boczar – the catechists of the local gymnasium, as well as the priests Władysław Lupa, the parish priest from the close Lurinska Słobódka, and Wacław Shetelnicki – later author of many publications on the past of the Church. The detailed accounts of a witness to a crime in the Dominican Republic came from an authoritative of the IRS in Czortków, Augustina Moroz. Written in a year after the massacre, he published in the 10th volume of Rzeszów Studies published in 2003. This account, like many others concerning Czortkowski crime, is presently in the Archives of the Polish state of Dominican Fathers in Krakow. These materials were collected and marked with a common title – "Memoirs of moments experienced during the escape of Bolsheviks" – Fr Reginald Wiśniowski.
The memory of Czortkowski martyrs is inactive deep in the hearts of Poles who remember at least from the messages of their loved ones those painful events. Many of them gathered during the lecture by Mariusz Krzysztofiński in the Dominican Fathers monastery in Jarosław to mention the painful, inactive unjudged fact about the sufferings of the Polish nation and to pray for the altars of martyrs – monks from Czortkow.
Between 2 and 13 July 1941, 8 Dominican monks from the monastery were murdered in Czortków, Podolu, as a consequence of an action carried out by russian safety authorities. The act of lawlessness and barbarism towards the clergy and the situation of Dominican monasteries prior to planet War II in the area of the erstwhile Archdiocese of Lviv are the main subjects of the lecture entitled The Martyrdom of Dominican Fathers in Czortkow in July 1941, which was presented by Mariusz Krzysztofinski from the Institute of National Memory in Rzeszów on November 3, 2003.
Shocking facts about the crimes committed by Jews in Poles in Kresach are found in the account of Fr Zygmunt Mazur about the destiny of the Dominican monastery in Czortków. As Fr Mazur wrote, the situation of the monastery changed rapidly on 22 June 1941 with the outbreak of the Soviet-German War (...). As it was in the customized of the Stalinist system, it was first and foremost begun to destruct the actual and alleged enemies of communist governments. This group primarily included clergymen. The safety authorities assigned there in agreement with the military unit came in on the night of July 2 and dragged out of the monastery just like Father Justyn, Father Jack, Father Anatol and Brother Andrew. Taken to the river in Stary Czortkow on the so-called. A grave called Berda was murdered in the back of the head. The executioners of the sentences were local Jews, serving in the NKVD, as confirmed by the preserved evidence of the inhabitants of Czortkow (one of the participants of the execution was a general of the Polish Army in the Polish People's Republic after 1945 (...). Nothing could be learned about the another monks due to the fact that the army defended access to the monastery and the church remained closed. Despite these difficulties, 1 student managed to get to the church and from there to the ground floor. What he saw was terrifying. The brothers R. Czerwonka, M. Ivanishchev and Terciarz J. Wincentowicz were killed in individual beds... The russian safety authorities plundered the church at the same time as the murders... To cover the tracks of the crime, the army set fire to the monastery.
Fathers were killed in the monastery in Czortków: Justin Spyrłak, Jacek Misiuta, Anatol Zamirowski and Hieronim Longawa; friars: Andrzej Bojakowski, Reginald Czerwonka and Methods of Lviv, and yet church Józef Wincentowicz.
One of the assassins and their guide was an encavudist, a local hebrew named Blum, murdering the victims in a position kneeling with arrows to the back of the skull. The murdered had their hands tied back.
