WARSZAWISH RESPONSIBILITIES
- 81th YEAR BOATARY.
On 1 August 1944 the Warsaw Uprising - the largest military underground action in Europe occupied by the Germans - broke out.
For 63 days, soldiers of the Home Army fought a heroic and lonely fight aimed at independent Poland, free from German business and russian domination.
The capture of Prudential, the tallest building of pre-war Warsaw, was of large importance to morale not only for soldiers, but besides for the inhabitants of the capital.
On a 16-story tower, thanks to the "Kiliński" Battalion Uprisings, on the first day of the rave, the White-Red flag displayed perfectly from many, even very far from the centre, points of the city.
This unit is famous, too. e.g. gaining the PAST building on the twentieth day of the Uprising.
The Warsaw Uprising was not only the culmination of the actions of the Home Army, it was besides the last conflict of independency in this war.
In 1939 we were invaded by barbarians from the East and the West - Soviets and Germany.
In the face of our failure to keep the alliance agreements between France and the UK, we have given up, but we have not given up the fight.
The Polish Underground State was created with the government on emigration.
The Warsaw Uprising was the culmination of all planet War II battles,
A conflict fought for the independency of our country.
The failure of the “Burza”, russian repression of the Home Army soldiers and the approach of the Red Army to Warsaw forced the authorities of the Underground Poland to take fresh decisions.
General Tadeusz Komorowski "Bór" pressed by chief of staff Tadeusz Pełczyński and Colonel Leopold Okulicki, stated that in the face of the immediate threat of Poland's independency by the USSR, already forming communist centres of power based in Lublin, the last chance to defend Polish rights is to free Warsaw from German cancer and to presume power in the city by civilian management of the Underground Poland.
Despite concerns about russian repression, it was believed that in the name of defence of Poland's independency it was essential to be ready for victims and to take risks.
However, it was believed that the arrests in Warsaw itself, which take place, unlike the Polish Borderlands, in front of the world, must origin a reaction of the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States.
This conviction was unjustified, but the authorities of the Underground Poland not informed by the government of Mikołajczyk about the real relation of Western allies to the issue of Poland's independence, did not realize.
The decision to start the Uprising was besides influenced by provocative appeals from Moscow at the end of July 1944 by the Polish Patriots Union station with president Wanda Vasilewska, calling on the inhabitants of the capital to start a spontaneous fight with Germany.
They proved that despite the deficiency of greater power and influence, the communists, at the time of entering the town of the Red Army whose units were located close Warsaw Prague, would execute armed forces to impose their power.
The decision was besides justified after the war by the temper of the AK soldiers and the inhabitants of the capital, who demanded retaliation for the widespread German panic of almost 5 years, and the will to fight at the minute of the apparent failure of the 3rd German Reich.
The inhabitants of the capital despised the arrogant soldiers of the army of the "gentlemen" until now, in a stampede retreating westward; in the last days of July they besides ignored the occupier's request that 100,000 men volunteer to build fortifications in the city.
However, it is hard to imagine them fighting Germany without weapons.
AK commander ordered the start of the fight for Warsaw on 1 August 1944 at 1700 (the alleged “W” hour).
General “Bór” acted with the approval of the government, but without the command of the Chief Leader.
He besides disregarded the negative opinions of most of the Home Army chief officers, indicating very weak weapons (only 1 in 9 soldiers took firearms, the others were only equipped with grenades and petrol bottles, and ammunition supplies were calculated for respective days and the threat of demolition of the city as a consequence of fighting.
The AK management was besides informed that it would not receive any expected weapons drop assistance from Western allies.
Among the supporters of the Uprising, however, there was a dominant belief that the shortages of weapons would be compensated by the bravery of soldiers of the Polish Underground, who would get them on the enemy.
During the first days of the fight, the soldiers of the Home Army under the command of Colonel Antoni Chrushiel “Monter” took over Śródmieście, look Miasto, Dobierz, Powiśle, where the power plant, part of Ochota, Mokotowa and Żoliborz was captured.
In attacks carried out in broad daylight, they suffered dense losses.
In Prague after 2 days of fighting, in the absence of success, the insurgents again went into conspiracy.
In the AK-occupied districts of the city many reinforced defensive points remained in the hands of the Germans, any of which the insurgents captured in the following days.
The Warsawians accepted the outbreak of the Uprising with large enthusiasm.
In addition, it is crucial to guarantee that the
.
On the buildings the flags were white and red, and the insurgents received their support at all turn.
The inhabitants of the capital provided them with food, helped with care for the wounded, raised barricades – even though Warsaw fought alone, its soldiers were not alone.
On August 5, the Germans began to invade the Will. During the capture of insurgent barricades, they utilized civilians like "living shields".
On Wola, Germany and the cooperative formations of russian citizens have committed mass crimes on civilians.
Nearly 38,000 people, regardless of their age and gender, including children and pregnant women, were murdered by military personnel and patients.
After gaining Wola and Ochota on 11 August, German troops, supported by dense artillery and aviation and rocket missiles, called "cows" by insurgents, hit the Old Town.
As a consequence of systematic shelling and bombing, the historical territory was destroyed.
In this case, 1 and 2 September The insurgents interrupted the fight there and passed through the sewers to Śródmieście and Żoliborz.
The hard defence of the Old Town allowed the insurgents from the Śródmieście territory to take action that was caught up, among others, after respective attacks took over the telephone office building – PAST at Zielna Street.
After the fall of the Old Town, in fierce fighting fought throughout September, The Germans captured despite the heroic defence of the Powiśle, Czerniaków and Mokotów insurgents.
On 14 September, the Red Army holding back its actions to date took Prague.
The Allies, contrary to expectations, accepted the outbreak of the Uprising indifferently.
The British government accused the Polish authorities of not agreeing on the date of its commencement, and for all August waited to admit the AK as an allied army, which served as an excuse for the Germans to execution the prisoners of the insurgents, including the paramedics.
The Germans murdered respective scouts mostly
aged 15 – 17 at the Military infirmary and many paramedics who remained with injured AK soldiers after the fall of the Old Town.
The British press initially kept quiet about the Uprising in Warsaw, later a large part of the writings underestimated its importance, while zealously explaining Stalin's actions, which in the first days of August ordered the Red Army offensive on the Vistula line to be discontinued.
After the dramatic procedures of the Polish authorities in exile, mainly General Kazimierz Sosnkowski, Polish, British and South African aviation took flights to Warsaw to supply insurgents with weapons, which improved their situation to any extent.
However, the air operations hampered the dimension of the way travelled from Italy over areas in German hands.
After the drop, the aircraft had to return to Italian bases due to the fact that Stalin calling the Uprising commanders
"a fistful of criminals who started the Warsaw riot to capture power".
By September 10, he banned allied airmen from landing in areas occupied by the Red Army.
In the second half of September, the occasional assistance of the insurgents was besides provided by American aviation, but a crucial part of the discharges got into the hands of Germans who already ruled most of the city area.
Unfortunately in the first hours The emergence of triumph was not much.
The insurgents failed to gain crucial bridges: Poniatowski and Kierbedzia, the Germans inactive owned the Main Railway Station and the Main Post Office.
On 2 August, the Insurgency Divisions seized the full Old Town and much of the Śródmieście. Things were much worse in the another neighborhoods.
Already in the first days of the Uprising, the extermination of civilians began. Heinz Reinefarth, Oskar Dirlewanger and Bronisław Kamiński began the executions of Wola residents.
Men were killed, but women and children were killed.
The number of victims is estimated at over 650 thousand. British historian Norman Davies wrote that these were the darkest days in Warsaw's history.
At the same time, Ron's troops pacified the Volunteer. There were mass executions, rapes that occurred in Zielonak, where the population of the territory was concentrated. The number of victims is estimated at about 10,000.
In total, 150 to 200 1000 civilians lost their lives in Warsaw. During the fighting, 16,000 insurgents were killed.
Faced with the offensive of German troops after 2 months of fighting and with immense losses in people on 1 October 1944. The AK office began talks about the ceasefire.
A day later, an act of surrender was signed. About 12,000 soldiers were captured, and the displacement of civilians began.
Through a transitional camp in Pruszków over half a million people. any were taken to work in Germany.
Despite the advantage of arms and numbers, the Nazis besides suffered tremendous losses. about 10,000 German soldiers died in Warsaw, the second so many wounded.
When German troops captured Żoliborz in late September, it became impossible to proceed fighting. In the absence of food and medicines for the injured, tragic surviving conditions of civilians and failure of hope for help, Gen. Komorowski decided to surrender.
Two days later, a deal was signed in Ożarów on the cessation of war in Warsaw. According to his orders, the insurgents laid down their weapons and left the city in tight formations, and were then taken to prisoner of war camps in Germany.
The civilian population besides had to leave Warsaw. More than 18,000 AK soldiers and 150,000 civilians were killed or lost in the Uprising.
German losses were disproportionately lower and amounted to about 16,000 killed and missing soldiers.
3rd German Exchange of Warszawa City
In GRUZY.
After the surrender of Warsaw, the Germans proceeded to systematically destruct the city.
Many monuments were blown up, including the Royal Castle, part of the palace in Łazienki, Saski Palace, Sigismund's column, many churches. The largest Polish libraries were burned: National, Public and University and archives, with the Main Archives of the Old Act headed.
64 of the 987 historical buildings survived.
In total, Germany demolished 42 percent of homes and public buildings.
63 days The uprising was the biggest upheaval against Nazi invaders throughout occupied Europe.
Development
Aleksander Szumański "National Uprising" cz,I publisher Penelope, Waszawa 2018 in centenary Ricznica to regain independency by First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski.
Documents, sources, quotations:
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