REPEATED POLSKA FACILITY - CONFEDERATION OF THE TARGISTRIAL CONTINUES
Reytan – The Fall of Poland – painting of Jan Matejka from 1866 presenting the protest of Tadeusz Reytan as a imagination of the artist of the future destiny of the Republic.
Despite the opposition from the Parisian emigration, especially the 1 centered around Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, the painting was shown at the exhibition in Paris in 1867, where he was awarded a gold medal. It was purchased by the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph I. In 1918, the government of the independent Republic bought the canvas from the Royal Castle in Warsaw. He was taken over by the Germans and evacuated from Warsaw in 1944 during the September 1939 campaign. Found in a terrible method condition in the village of Przesieka close Jelenia Góra was renovated after 3 years of conservation efforts.
The subject of the painting is the scene, which took place on 21 April 1773 on the 3rd decisive day of the gathering of the partition parliament at the castle in Warsaw, under which Prussia, Russia and Austria divided parts of the Polish lands. The central figure of the painting is the MP of Nowogródz land, Tadeusz Reytan, in a motion of despair trying to prevent the disgraceful event, which is the demolition of Homeland. Adam Łódź Poniński, lying at the door of the castle hall, shows Russian soldiers in the arched doors. On the left side stands Szczęsny Potocki (in fact, he was 21 years old at the time and was absent in the parliament room). Crown Hetman Francis Ksavery Branicki hid his face in his hands. The 3 of them are headed to the legislature to sign a humiliating treaty.
On the left side of the painting behind the overturned chair was placed by Matejko a figure of Franciszek Salez Potocki with a carab, in a rich noble outfit, with a ribbon of the Order of the White Eagle. This 1 of the most powerful magnates of the then Republic did not live at the time of the debate of the partition parliament, but the artist intentionally introduced it into the composition of the image as a symbol of the descending, helpless and defeated Sarmatian planet – besides as a symbol of magnate selfishness and privacy. This character walks like a blind man with his hands stretched out. From behind this spectral figure you can see the shaved head of another magnate warchola at the time Karol Radziwiłł “Mr. A small further sits Prince Michael Frederick Czartoryski leader of the Czartoryski Family, protector of the nephew Stanisław August Poniatowski, the overturned seat is simply a symbol of the fall of the Republic, but besides plans and works of the Czartoryski family. Next to the prince is the brother of King Michael Jerzy Poniatowski, later primate.
A young man in a Sarmatian suit with a saber in his hand and a Confederate hat in his another hand can be seen under the wall on the second plan. He is simply a associate of the Bar confederation, a later associate of national uprisings which according to Matejka hope for the falling Homeland. Next door you can see another nobleman with his hand up. This is Samuel Korsak, the second of the fresh Kingdom MPs, who is besides Matejka's self-portrait.
King Stanislaw August Poniatowski, leaving his throne, stands thoughtful and helpless with a watch in his left hand, next to the head of Hugo Kolłataj, who was 23 years old at the time and was in college in Vienna and Rome, but in Matejka's image he has the face of a mature man and is simply a symbol of opposition to the stage. Above them, in the seismic lodge, the ambassador of Russian knight Nikolay Repnin sat. This is another inaccuracy in the matekovian composition of the painting, the Russian ambassador was Otto Magnus von Stackelberg at the time. The 2 most prominent women of that era are grateful to Repnin - from the right side of Isabella Lubomirska, and from the left side of Isabella Czartoryska. A image of Catherine II's Tsaric dominates the full show.
The lockroom is in a dilapidated state: the doorwork is broken, the cataracts are torn, the stumps are broken, the candles are burned, and a pile of scattered papers are thrown on the floor. Dropped money – possibly a Judas silversmith – balances sinisterly on the edge from Poniński's pocket.
The painting became an inspiration for Jack Kaczmarski's song entitled “Rytan, or ambassador's report”.
Stanisław August Poniatowski is the last ruler of the Republic of both Nations. King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. He was the boy of Stanisław Poniatowski castel of Kraków and Konstancja from Czartoryski, brother of the under-chamber Crown Kazimierz, Field Marshal of Austrian Andrzej, Primate Michał Jerzy, Alexander, Francis, Louis Maria Isabella. Carefully educated, he traveled a lot in Western European countries in his youth. In 1752, he was elected MP for the Sejm and appointed Colonel of the Lawn Regiment. In 1755, thanks to the efforts of the Family, he arrived in St. Petersburg as the private secretary of the British ambassador, Charles Hanbury Williams, whom he had previously met in Berlin. In June 1755 he was presented by Ambassador Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste to the future Empress of Russia Catherine II, while in December of the same year he began an affair with her, becoming her lover. During this time, the large magnate parties played a large function in the country, and more and more to say had wall powers, Prussia, Austria, and especially Russia curious in imposing limited constitutional reforms against noble democracy. On 11 April 1764 an agreement was signed between Russia and Prussia regarding the holding of a joint candidate election in the Republic. The choice was given to Stanisław August Poniatowski (actually Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski), who as a erstwhile lover of Catherine II and not a prime character of the household guaranteed submission to Russia. At the request of the leaders of the Familia Andrzej Zamoyski and August Alexander Poniatowski, Russian troops entered the borders of the Republic. Katarzyna II issued a peculiar declaration in which she indicated that this action was aimed at taking care of all the freedoms of the Republic. On September 7, 1764, with a tiny share of the nobility and the decisive support of the Russian troops (7 thousand), Stanisław August Poniatowski was elected king of Poland as a consequence of the de facto coup. His election was signed by only 5,320 people, which was an highly low number. On 25 November 1764, on the day of the first name of the czaryca Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland Władysław Lubieński crowned him as King of Poland in the college of St John in Warsaw. In 1765 the ruler attempted to strengthen the cities, setting up the Good Order Commission in all provinces. They organised property rights in urban areas, reproving the illegally seized property of the Magistrates. They besides liquidated many magnate jurists, and by improving the collection of city taxes, they gained fresh funds, which are now intended to pave the streets. Moreover, the king began to carry out monetary reform. The Mentionary Committee appointed by him was engaged in a task to introduce fresh monetary rates. inactive in 1765, the mints had been closed for 3 generations. In March 1765 the king and Ignacy Krasicki and Franciszek Bohomolc founded the weekly weekly "Monitor". The articles included, among others, the request to improve the peasant valley and spiritual tolerance. Politically, however, Poland became increasingly dependent on Russia. On February 24, 1768, the Republic of Poland signed with Russia the Treaty of Eternal Friendship, by which it became a Russian protectorate.
These are the passages of this treaty:
[...]In the name of the Holy Indivisible Trinity. Lubo, between the brightest Republic of Poland, and the Empire of all Russia, continues happily according to the Treaty of 1686 eternal peace, actual friendship, constant harmony, and good neighborhood, but when, due to the average in matters of human varieties, there have been many cases between them since so many times, which due to the changed circumstance, the fresh whom the most decent common duties draw out laws; for this reason, and others in the present times of encountering, which so in the published ultimate Emperor of Her Majesty of all Russia declarations, as well as in the acts of the Confederate Republic of Poland to them agreeing, rather clearly to the full planet are shown; The brightest King of the Ims of Poland, and the Republic of both nations, Polish and Lithuanian, intertwined with the knot of the General Confederation on the 1 hand, and the brightest Emperor of Her Mass of all Russia on the other, recognized the request to be, and to apply each other's interests to decide, and to strengthen the way of a fresh treaty, the most beneficial times, and the circumstances more serving, the Republic of Poland, in relation to the safety of its constitution, and freedom, the most beneficial agreements; so for the making of specified a treaty, of both parties treating, are the act appointed Plenipotentiary[...]
[...]Article I
The brightest King Jmć, and the Republic of Poland, and the brightest Emperor Her Majesty of all Russia, confirm as much as possible a permanent and perpetual peace, an uninterrupted sincere friendship, a close agreement, and a good neighborhood, inter respectivos Status, property and property, according to the formal description of the Moscow Treaty in 1686 between the 2 Brightest Treating Parties, whose tenor, power, validity, and responsibilities are resumed per expressum, et formaliter, by this fresh treaty, in all its terms, as if this erstwhile year 1686 Treaty had been in this word in the Inserted[...]
[...]Article V
And as the brightest Republic of Poland, for the perpetuity of all that it has now established for its own benefit, as it most solemnly called, and now inactive calls for the tallness of the brightest Emperor of Her Mtsa, to the constitution, the form of government, freedom, and its rights, a guarantee; so the brightest Emperor of Her Mtsa to satisfy herself by making desires, and trust in the friendliest of Hersa guarantees her solemnly by the power of this treaty for eternal times, her constitution, the form of government, liberty, and the law with a solemn pledge, and duty, for herself, and the Successors of hers on the throne of the Empire of all Russia, to maintain, and to obscure the brightest Poland with the intact full of it.[...]
Catherine II guaranteed for her part the integrity of the borders and interior strategy of that country. On February 26, 1768, cardinal rights were passed (e.g. liberal veto, free election, the right to obey the king, the exclusive right of nobility to hold office, the full authority of nobility over peasants), along with the inviolable right of equality of non-Catholics [dissidents]. The resolution contributed to the consolidation of the old political order (except in relation to the Innovators), which was guaranteed by Russia. A part of the nobility, contrary to its actual dependence on Russia, organized a Bar confederation on 29 February 1768, which started a war against Russia in defence of the independency of the Republic and the Catholic faith.
The Confederacy collapsed after 4 years of fighting and there was then 1st partition of the Republic (1772), in which about 1/4 of the territory of the Republic with Lviv, Gdansk Pomerania and Polish Infants was seized by Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territory was approved by the Distribution Sejm held between 1773 and 1775 and convened in April 1773 in Warsaw. Many writers and historians present thesis on the Masonic lineage of the partition of Poland, then perceived by the lodge as orthodox Catholic. Following the imposition of the Republic's constitutional guarantees in 1775, Russian ambassador Otto Magnus von Stackelberg became the actual co-government of the state. All the decisions of the monarch had to be consulted and approved by him. Although Russian troops left the Republic of Poland in 1780, only Russian Ambassador Otto Magnus von Stackelberg remained, but magnates remained in sharp opposition to the king. On 6 October 1778, with the approval of Russia, the Grand Sejm was convened in Warsaw, which began major systemic reforms. On January 19, 1789, the Sejm abolished the Continuing Council. Stanislaw August Poniatowski thus lost real influence on the executive power in the Republic, which he exercised in agreement with the Russian ambassador through this body. On 14 May 1792, a trade union was established, which called for the overthrow of the monarchic system. The Confederates requested military aid to Catherine II, who, while inactive treating the Polish state as a Russian protectorate, decided on 18 May 1792 to enter the borders of the Republic without declaring war. The Targowice Confederation – a Crown Confederation bound in the spring of 1792 in Targowice by the leaders of the magnate Republican camp in order to reconstruct the old government of the Republic, under the slogans of defending threatened freedom against the reforms of the Constitution on 3 May, introducing a constitutional monarchy. Its attachment served as an excuse for armed intervention in the Republic of Russia. In fact, the game was established on 27 April 1792 in St. Petersburg, under the patronage of Empress Catherine II, who since 1768 acted as a guarantor of the Republic's system. The text of the act of confederation itself was edited by Russian general Vasily Stiepanovich Popov, chief of the law firm of Prince Grigorij Potomkin. It was attended by the Magnates - Crown Artillery General Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, as the Marshal of the Crown Confederacy, the Hetman of the large Crown Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, the Field Chief of the Crown Seweryn Rzewuski, General Szymon Kossakowski and others. The secretary of the Confederacy was the writer Dyzma Bończ-Tomaszewski. They sought to divide the state into independent provinces. They asked for military assistance to the Tsarics for this purpose, they obtained it and on 18 May 1792, a 100-thousand Russian army struck the Republic of Poland – the Polish-Russian war began. After the business of Lithuania's lands by the Russian troops on 25 June 1792, the general confederation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was proclaimed in Vilnius, mostly complementary to the Crown Confederacy. The Marshal of the Lithuanian Confederacy was appointed Chancellor Grand Lithuanian Alexander Michał Sapieha, and his deputy huntsman large Lithuanian Józef Zabieło. In fact, the real authority over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was exercised by the self-appointed hetman Lithuanian Simon Kossakowski and his brother Inflantic bishop Joseph, who directed the actions of his nephew Joseph, replacing the absentee in the country of Sapieha. The Targovian authorities, utilizing the care of the Russian troops, then made many acts of individual revenge against the nobility and townspeople, who mostly supported the work of the Constitution on 3 May. The villages and cities belonging to the patriots were burned, the Sekwester was put on their property, and they were publically insulted. These activities were usually an chance to gain private wealth at the expense of victims in the Republic of Poland, e.g. Bishop Kossakowski seized illegally the taxation assets for the sum of PLN 900 thousand.
Deprived of the military aid of his Prussian Allied, blackmailed by the spirit of bankruptcy, if the Russians had demanded repayment of the sums borrowed from him, Stanisław August Poniatowski addressed Catherine II by letter, offering her a perpetual covenant and his eventual abdication to the Empress's grandson, Constantine. In response, Catherine II maintained her support for the trade union and demanded the king's accession to the trade union. In view of this position, the king decided to halt fighting and join the trade union. Stanislaw August Poniatowski previously secretly negotiated conditions for the cessation of war with the remaining Russian MP Yakov Bulhakov in Warsaw through the Lithuanian under Chancellor Joachim Chreptowicz. Following the fresh instructions of Vice Chancellor Ivan Andreyevich Ostermann of Russia, the Russian MP edited the final version of the King's act of accession to the trade union. Following the request of the Petersburg Manor, the King did not convene the Law Guard, a constitutional body of the state, but presented his decision at a gathering of ministers of the Republic on 23 July 1792. The gathering was attended by - primate Michał Jerzy Poniatowski, Marshal of the Grand Crown Michał Jerzy Wandalin Mnishech, Marshal of the Grand Lithuanian Ignacy Potocki, Marshal of the Court Lithuanian Stanisław Sołtan, under the treasure of the Grand Lithuanian Louis Tyszkiewicz, under the treasure of the Court Lithuanian Antoni Dziekoński. The king's intention was approved by a tiny majority (7:5). The king was supported by Hugo Kołłątaj, a supporter of the further fight was, among others, Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha, who initially belonged to the Hetman camp. On July 24, Stanisław August handed over to the Russian MP Yakov Bulhakov, requested by Catherine II to join the trade union.
On the king's orders issued on 25 July, the Polish troops discontinued the war effort, and the commanders, including Fr Józef Poniatowski and Gen. Tadeusz Kościuszko, resigned as a sign of protest. Many officers and civilian opponents went on emigration, mainly to Saxony. In this way, among others, the declared opponents of the Confederacy of Targowice Marshal Stanislaw Małachowski and Ignacy Potocki.
The Russian-Polish War of 1792 lasted only a fewer months. After the premature surrender of Polish troops, the Confederates of Targowice occupied, with the aid of Russian troops, all the provinces of the Republic, eliminating authorities appointed by the Four-Year Sejm.
At the request of Catherine II on 6 September 1792 in Brest, the generality of both confederations – Crown and Lithuanian – began. On September 11, a solemn merger of the 2 confederations was made under the name of the brightest Confederation of both Nations. This act was blessed by the auxiliary bishop of industry, Michał Sierakowski, present at this ceremony. Pope Pius VI gave a peculiar blessing to the trade union. Hot supporters of the confederacy were Michał Jerzy Poniatowski, Chełm bishop Wojciech Skarszewski, Żmudz bishop Jan Stefan Giedroć, Poznań bishop Antoni Onufry Okęcki, Łuck bishop Adam Naruszewicz and Vilnius bishop Ignacy Jakub Massalski.
It began work on the elimination of the effects of systemic changes introduced by the Constitution on 3 May. All decisions of the four-year Sejm relating to military improvement were broken. Diplomatic relations with France have been broken, with her MP Marie Louis Descorches being expelled, and withholding all diplomatic representatives of the Republic at abroad courts. It was besides decided to send a peculiar tribute delegation to St. Petersburg to thank Catherine II for her military intervention and to make a proposal for a perpetual covenant between Russia and Poland.
The Targovian authorities, supported by the presence of Russian troops forced the military and the Polish nobility to submit under coercion accessions to the general confederation, besides prohibited the public wearing of the Order of Virtuti Militari and the usage of symbols related to the Constitution on 3 May.
The Brest convention closed on September 27, deciding to decision the generality gathering to Grodna.
The Targowice Confederation has led the regulation of panic in the Republic of Poland, with the aid of the Russian army carrying out many looting and distributing patriot goods. The war-torn country had to endure the financial consequences of the 100 thousandth Russian business army. The measurement of the fall of the Targowiczans was the solemn message of Confederate leaders on 14 November 1792 to Catherine II, who thanked her for wanting to reconstruct freedom and republican regulation in Poland. Without hiding their faithful devotional feelings fed to the empress of Russia, Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Seweryn Rzewuski, Szymon Kossakowski and Antoni Protase Potocki expressed their joy that erstwhile despotism settled the Polish throne, God and Catherine saw an unfortunate nation.
On 23 January Russia signed with the Kingdom of Prussia a partition treaty, in which it agreed to surrender to Prussia the western provinces of the Republic. shortly a corps of Prussian troops entered the borders of the Polish state in order to enforce the provisions of this treaty. specified a turn of things yet compromised the leaders of the trade union, who, if they were afraid about the anticipation of annexing the east lands of the Republic by Russia, were convinced that Catherine II would leave the remaining territory intact as a Russian protectorate.
Russia one more time decided to exploit the false patriotic zeal of the Targovians erstwhile Russian MP Jakob Sievers allowed the Confederate Generality to issue a 3 February 1793 protest manifesto against aggression and Prussian occupation. On February 11, generality issued a universal, calling a common move, but its decision was forced to retreat as a consequence of the persuasion of Catherine II. any of the leaders of the trade union then left the country.
In order to approve the partition treaties, Catherine II convened the Grodzieński Sejm on 17 June 1793. On 29 May, as well as the army of Russian land seymikas, almost everywhere elected MPs recommended by the authorities of the trade union.
On 22 August, the parliament's elected deputy signed a treaty of emeritus with Russia, in which the Republic of Poland donated a 4th million square kilometres of its territory. While the Treaty with Russia was approved after the period of its meeting, so on the agreement with Prussia Members did not even want to hear. The Russians then aimed at the castle of the Grodzień cannon and after the night of silence, in the morning of 2 September the empire for Prussia was approved. On September 15, the Russians dissolved the trade union, which they no longer needed for anything, and in addition, since the February events, they could not be certain of the full loyalty of its members.
In its place, a Grodno confederation was established, which was to make a fresh treaty of perpetual relationship between the Republic and Russia.
The Grodno parliament, gathering under the dictatorship of a Russian MP, approved the partition treaties on 24 September and engaged in restoring the strategy of the Republic before the Constitution reforms on 3 May. Among another things, he overturned a large number of sancets (acudence) of the generality of the trade union.
Here is the content of Stanisław August Poniatowski's letter to Katarzyna II (25 January 1793):
‘Your sister,
Having done all that Your Majesty has requested of me, yet in his last letter of 26 August 1792 I have put my destiny into her hands, I silently await her generosity.
Whatever my concerns and shortcomings are, I suppress my complaints, saying to myself: The Empress will not ignore what happened here... He will, so he will put a dam to my sufferings, among which we will search comfort in her meditation on our fate. But if I had kept quiet after the Prussian declaration of 16 January 1793, I would have failed the fact and work of my majesty. In order to give a court ruling on what is actually contained in this declaration: about our violation of the Prussian territory, about the alleged existence of the Jacobin clubs, I would only call upon Your Imperial Majesty to see to what degree these suspicions are without foundation. Madam, if another troops, apart from the Russian troops in Poland, enter our country we will consider ourselves lost.
May I repeat present that if Your Majesty had put an end to the sad uncertainty of our present position, attaching us to our empire with a permanent bond, guaranteeing the integrity of our territory and our dignified life, you would have gained your devoted kingdom, and that you would have earned the full nation forever, through the most sacred expressions of gratitude, to which his own interests convince him.
Madam, delight remember how fortunate it would be for me, after your prior consent, to take a image of the crown. And if today, the courts against my individual would stand in the way of the happiness of my people, I would no longer hesitate to pay specified a price to sacrifice for him. In specified a case, I would request only to repay the debts incurred and to supply the future for my household and servants. I have done small to aid others.
You will make the remainder of the days (probably soon) of the 1 that remains to her.”
Most of the leading leaders of the Targowice Confederation were sentenced to death and hanged during the Kościuszko Insurrection.
After Vilnius was taken over by the insurgents, the criminal court sentenced the hang of the large Lithuanian Simon Kossakowski. The conviction was made publically on April 25, 1794 in the square outside the town hall.
On May 9, 1794, the leaders of the Confederacy were publically hanged in the Old Town Square, sentenced to death by the Criminal Court of the Duchy of Mazowiecki: Inflantic bishop Józef Kossakowski, crown hetman Piotr Ożarowski, marshal of the Non-Continuous Council Józef Ankwicz, field captain Józef Zabieło.
On 28 June 1794, the agitated Warsaw people made self-judges on members of the Targovia Confederacy accused of treason. Before the Church of St.Anna at Krakowskie Przedmieście were hanged: bishop of Vilnius Ignacy Massalski, chestnut of the manufacture Antoni Chetwertyński, MP to Turkey Karol Boscamp - Lasopolska, chamberlain Stefan Grabowski, royal instigator Mateusz Rogusski, Russian spy Marceli Pietka, lawyer Michał Wulfers, instigator of criminal courts Józef Majewski.
The ultimate Criminal Court sentenced Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Seweryn Rzewuski, Jerzy Wielhorski, Antoni Polikarp Złotnicki, Adam Moszczeński, Jan Zagórski and Jan Suchorzowski to death punishment by hanging, eternal infamy, confiscation of assets and failure of all offices.
In the absence of convicts, the conviction was executed in effigie on 29 September 1794. (In effigie (Lat. in the painting) – this has been a provision in European law since the mediate Ages allowing the execution of the death punishment on the image of the deceased criminal who did not meet the date of execution or escaped).
The description of 1 specified "execution" included the Marquis de Sade in a work of 120 days Sodoms or the school of libertinism. This expression was utilized by the ultimate Criminal Court during the Kosciuszko Insurrection, executing the conviction on the leaders of the Targowice Confederacy on 29 September 1794.
In March 1794, a national uprising broke out against Russia and Prussia, led by General Tadeusz Kościuszko. After the collapse of the uprising, the 3rd Republic was demolished by Russia, Austria and Prussia in 1795. The Republic ceased to be as a state. The Independent Republic of Poland was established on 11 November 1918 after 123 years of partitions, headed by Józef Piłsudski, First Marshal of Poland. Independent Poland lasted only 20 years until September 1939, erstwhile Poland was demolished again by Russia, and the 3rd Reich.
After the end of planet War II in 1945, Poland became a de facto republic of the russian Union by decisions of Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt. After the collapse of this empire, an independent Poland story was created on 4 June 1989, in fact governed by the interior and external agents, creating a fresh form of Polish business by abroad Polish Nation forces which caused the failure of sources of national identity and constituency formed by the age-old cultural heritage. The same forces seized the Church from the outside, desiring to destruct it from within, desecrating and destroying the Crosses of Christ, cutting it off at night. The Cross of Christ was cut down on Kraków Błonia, commemorating the pilgrimages of St.John Paul II. The Cross was cut off at the summit of Poland of Tatra Rysach, in Stalowa Wola, on the Hill of the 3 Crosses in Przemyśl. Ewa Kopacz claims that the dispute over the place of the cross in public space is "stupid". The Ministry of abroad Affairs in a movie place advertising the Civic Platform promoting Poland, removed the cross from Giewont.
Aleksander Szumański "The Voice of Poland" Toronto
