POET TORTUR - ‘KRWAWA LUNA’ - JULIA BRISTIGER
Julia Brystiger from the Prajs house, besides known as Brystygier, Brystyger, Bristiger(owa), Brüstiger, Briestiger, ps. Luna, Bloody Luna, Daria, Ksenia, Maria, literary ps. Julia Prajs (born 25 November 1902 in Stryj, born 9 October 1975 in Warsaw) is an officer of the safety apparatus of the People's Poland, a Stalinist criminal in the rank of Colonel NKWD, writer.
She was the daughter of a judaic pharmacist. In 1920, she graduated from a junior advanced school in Lviv, and in 1926, she studied past at the Lviv University. Jan Kazimierz, then continued her studies in Paris.
In 1928 she passed the pedagogical exam. She received a PhD in doctrine from the University of Jan Kazimierz. From 1928 to 1929, she worked as a past teacher at C. Epstein mediate School in Vilnius and at the judaic teacher Seminar of the Cultural and Educational Society “Tarbut”.
ILLEGAL COMUNIST ACTIVITIES (1927 - 1039)
Since 1927, she has operated in the global Organization for Revolutionary Assistance (MOPR) and in the organization technology cell of the Communist organization of Western Ukraine (KPZU).
After her dismissal in 1929, she continued to tutor in Lviv for political reasons. Since April 1931, she has been the publisher and editor of the legal weekly Communist "Contemporary Review".
She has been a associate of the MOPR Circuit Committee's execution exercise since the mediate of that year. Since 1931, she has operated in the Communist organization of Western Ukraine. In October 1931, she was sentenced to 2 weeks in prison for communist activity. Since 1932, she has been a organization officer (a alleged funk – a full-time organization activist) serving successively as secretary of propaganda and agitation of the KPZU Circuit Committee in Lviv, Przemyśl, Drohobych and since September 1932 again in Lviv.
For her activity in the delegated communist structures in October 1932, she was arrested again and sentenced to 1 year in prison.
After release, she became a associate of KC MOPR's execution. She served the Volyn and Stanislaw circuits of this organization. At the end of 1934, she was briefly suspended in the rights of a organization member. After submitting self-criticism in the summertime of 1935, she took on the position of Secretary of the territory Committee of KPZU Stryj - Sambor.
From 1935, she dealt with peasant and agricultural issues in the Central Drafting of KPZU in Lviv.
In 1936, she became Secretary of the Central Committee of the Western MOPR of Ukraine. She organized the pro-communist legislature of Culture Workers in Lviv in May 1936.
In April 1937, she was again arrested and sentenced to 2 years in prison. At the time of the punishment, she was the politician of the prison commune (groups of prisoners holding sentences for communist activity).
After the business of the east lands of the Republic of Poland by the Red Army, she accepted russian citizenship and worked in the Council of Trade Unions in Lviv and was the secretary of the MOPR Circuit Committee.
In 1940, she became a "universal member" of the KC MOPR. During this time, she collaborated – together with a group of another collaborators – with the russian publishing home in Polish "Nowe Widnokregi" in Lviv.
"New Views" by Jacchejka Bolshevick
The “New Widnokręgi” were a common Bolshevik hawk who, under a literary cloak at Stalin's command, dealt with “the Polish State”, arresting and tormenting most frequently representatives of Polish intelligence. The main catroom of the “New Widnokregów” was located in the NKVD building at Pełczyńska Street in Lviv, and after the discovery of this location by the agents of the Underground Poland, the execution home was moved to the premises at 4 Jagiellońska Street in Lviv, where I lived with my parents on the 3rd level of this building. The NKVD most frequently interviewed in the south, during the largest city traffic, to silence the tormented moans, among others by “Krwa Luna” – Colonel NKVD Natalia Prajs – Brystigier, wife of Zionist activist Nathan Brystigier.
The editor-in-chief of this “written” was Wanda Vasilewska, president of the “Union of Polish Patriots” (ZPP). „New Widnokregów was written by the communist journalists Mieczysław Jastrun, Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Leon Pasternak, Tadeusz Peiper, Julian Przyboś, Jerzy Putrament, Adam Ważyk, Tadeusz Boy - Żeleński, Janina Broniewska, Zofia Dzierżinska, Adolf Bromberg, Julia Brystygier, Aleksander Dan, Emil Dziedzic, Halina Górska, Stefan Jędrychowski, Witold Kolski, Karol Kuryluk, Stanisław Wasylewski, Roman Werfel, Jerzy Pomianowski, Władysław Gomłuk, Czesław Miłosz.
The publication in “New Widnokrega” was refused by Władysław Broniewski, according to Jalu Kurka arrested briefly with this decision.
After the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, Brystigerova fled to Kharkiv and then to Samarkanda. From 1943 to 1944, she worked on the Board of the Main Board of the Union of Polish Patriots in the russian Union.
In October 1944, she was admitted to the PPR. She was a associate of the National Council from the ZG ZPP nomination. Since December 1944, she has worked in the Public safety Ministry as a section manager, department manager, since 1945 BC, and then as a manager of Department V of the Ministry of Public safety in the rank of Colonel NKWD. She dealt mainly with staff matters (key in the communist system).
The kind of instructions it gives to officers at briefings shall be characteristic:
"In fact, all Polish intelligence is against the communist strategy and there is no chance of reeducation. So it remains to be eliminated. However, since it is not possible to make the mistake made in Russia after the Revolution in 1917, exterminate intelligence and thus hold the economical improvement of the country, it is essential to make specified a strategy of force and panic so that intelligence representatives do not dare to be politically active."
BLOOD MONSTRUM
Brystiger oversaw the first phase of the investigation - she personally tortured the detainees, had her own sophisticated methods of bullying them (e.g. she beat men after genitals and cut them with a drawer).
The victim of specified torture was, among others, the head of the propaganda of PSL in the Olsztyńskie Szafarzyński Voivodeship, who died from general exhaustion shortly after the proceeding session.
One of the prisoners remembers her like this:
"This criminal monstrosity surpassed the cruelty of German caretakers from concentration camps".
AK soldier and erstwhile political prisoner Anna Rószkiewicz -Litwinowiczowa mentions Brystigerowa in his book hard Decisions:
"Julia Brystigerova was celebrated for the sadistic tortures of young prisoners, she seemed to be sexually perverted and here she had area for show".
She was a delegate to the 1st PPR legislature (1945), the 2nd PPR legislature (1948) and the PZPR United Congress, at which she was elected to the Central organization Control Commission (which included it until March 1954).
She dealt with parties, organizations, and spiritual groups. She actively participated in the communist war against the Catholic Church and Jehovah’s Witnesses.
In 1957, in connection with the trials of erstwhile UB officers, it was planned to bring her to criminal responsibility.
"LUN'S CROWD IN BED"
She was a mistress of the most crucial Polish communists. Later she became a torturer, she was more cruel than German caretakers from concentration camps. She has done a large deal of evil, but has undergone a amazing transformation.
Various names and aliases: Julia, Luna, Daria, Maria, Ksenia. Various names and their spellings: Prajs, Preiss, Brystygier, Brystiger, Bristiger, Brüstiger, Briestiger. The same female - 1 of the darkest figures in the postwar regime. 1 of those she interviewed personally called her a "criminal monster."
Her career, however, hatched not only in the offices and purposes of the safety offices, but besides in the beds of the most crucial Polish politicians of that time.
She even reported on organization companions
What do we know about Julia Brystygier, later known primarily as "Blood Luna", from the period preceding her career in security?
Julia Prajs was born in 1902 to a moderately wealthy judaic pharmacist's family. In Lviv, she studied, even made her PhD there. She married Zionist activist Nathan Brystiger, but the matrimony was alternatively unsuccessful. In the late 1920s, she taught past in Vilnius mediate School. Soon, however, she was not only fired, but was banned.
It was already active in the global Organization for Revolutionary Assistance and then in the Communist organization of Western Ukraine. In the 1930s, she was arrested and sentenced respective times for this - while after the war, this activity was to become an excellent legitimacy in the eyes of the fresh occupier.
When the Soviets entered Lviv, immediately Brystiger became a loyal NKVD confiscator. She even reported on her organization companions. She participated in the preparation of falsified elections to "West Ukraine", which were to legitimize the capture of these areas by the USSR.
No wonder that erstwhile Stalin broke relations with the Polish emigration authorities and began to assemble the "Polish" government for his use, Brystigier was among the perfect candidates. First she received a position on the Board of the Polish Patriots Association. In November 1944, she went to the Public safety hotel in PKWN - it was the beginning of the safekeeping machine.
However, her way to the service was unusual. - More like social lowlands, uneducated people. And she wasn't looking for a social promotion, she had a PhD. However, it was valuable for the ministry, due to the fact that it was useful in much more demanding tasks than the teething of the interviewed - explained Prof. Ryszard Terlecki, MP of Law and Justice, author of the book "The Sword and Shield of Communism. past of the safety apparatus in Poland 1944-1990".
THE LOVE THAT REFERS ALL NIGHTS
She formally owed her assignment to the head of the ministry, Stanisław Radkiewicz. But it was a secret to the polyshinel that Brystiger's lover was Jakub Berman - 1 of the most crucial officers of the fresh regime.
As it would later turn out, he was not the only one. "In her rich career, the lovers of Colonel NKVD, she was in Russia for a long time simultaneously the mistress of Berman, Minc and Szyra" - he spoke about her in his broadcasts on Radio Free Europe Joseph Light, a colonel of safety organs who fled to the West in late 1953.
"It was you who said who was to escort her home today" - another cameraman, Stefan Staszewski, assessed her reputation. "Rather utilized due to the fact that she had a rich and full life" is Light again.
In a word, Brystygierov knew whose bed to jump into. Hilary Minc was to be Minister of manufacture and Deputy Prime Minister in the first communist governments. The name Eugene Szyra, initially a advanced political officer in the military, besides opened many doors in the post-war years. 1 can presume without much hazard that she was besides sleeping with Birut himself, a known whore having sex on her presidential desk.
And she knew how to usage her contacts. erstwhile she became head of the department in the recently formed Ministry of Public Security, she played her own parties, frequently against her direct superiors.
"As Brystygierowa wants to do something, even against Radkiewicz or Romkowski, the deputy chief of security, this can all be done. How many times did Radkiewicz not have time to study a case to Biterut, and already Birut or Berman called him with the question: “Look, there is specified a thing with you, why don’t you tell us about it?” (...) They already knew, because, of course, Brystigerova refers everything to them at night" - this is another exception from the relation of Light.
CONTRIBUTION OF A beautiful CONTRIBUTION
"She was an highly intelligent female with a good appearance, though not very neat" - said Brystigerian 1 of her lovers, Berman. On the another hand, the real or alleged enemies of folk power, who had had the misfortune of coming to her hearing, remembered the monster - "Blood Luna".
Some of the testimonies show descriptions of the gruesome treatments she was undergoing by men - she beat the testicles with spilt, 1 of the arrested people latched them with a drawer. "She was celebrated for the sadistic torture of young prisoners, she seemed to be sexually perverted, and here she had a field of show" - speculated Anna Rószkiewicz - Litwinowiczowa, AK soldier and prisoner in post-war Poland.
- There was a British legend. I think it wasn't meaningless that she was the only female in specified an exposed position in the resort. It kind of distinguished her, due to the fact that the officers of that time's safety utilizing cruel torture did not lack. Only that in the vast majority the torturers were men - says Prof. Ryszard Terlecki.
Formally, Luna Brystigier was the manager of Department V of the Ministry of Public Security. The department called "social-political" was active in protecting the organization from the influence of "reaction". That meant action against the revealing AK soldiers.
They besides dealt with the only legal opposition to any point - the PSL. Tens of thousands of his activists were arrested and at least 200 were killed by more or little public murders. There are many indications that lists of activists were created that were to be physically liquidated - and that they were approved by the British department.
A Terrible female in the Church's War
Soon she was besides to fight the Church. It was she who laid the foundation for installing a network of agents in curias and parishes, both among secular workers and among clergymen. "Antagonisms between individual priests, ambitious disputes and disputes against the background of the conflict for a better material position and in the church hierarchy should be taken into account" - she wrote. She wanted to get elder students to watch school catechists.
An organized wave of persecution fell on the Church. On the 1 hand, the teaching of religion was limited, and Caritas was torn out of the care of the Church. In the late 1940s. And 50 priests arrested reached nearly a thousand. any were convicted in show trials.
On the another hand, any clergymen (a threat, blackmail, promises of benefits) were forced to cooperate - so the movement of alleged priests - patriots was created. Finally, it remained under Brystiger's "care" of the Catholic community licensed by the authorities; first focused around the writing "Today and Tomorrow", then in the Association of PAX. president of PAX Bolesław Piasecki was besides a lover of "Blood Luna".
When the Office for Confessions was established in 1950, Brystigerova played the function of the grey eminence. "Everyone contacted her" - 1 of the then PAX chiefs will remember. erstwhile the primate Stefan Wyszyński was arrested, she attended his hearing. "It was a terrible woman," the primate said.
In early 1954, however, he announced a sharp turn for MVP. In the Kremlin there was a conflict for power, in the satellite countries there was a whisper about the request to settle Stalinism. In Poland, the court was shortly to be given to the zealous executioners of security, specified as the celebrated Colonel Józef Różański. They were not so much judged for crimes as scapegoats.
Brystygierowa, having a erstwhile account with Różanski, evidently forced him to be liable for utilizing "unauthorised methods" in investigations (it was the work of applying them only to PZPR officers, not to the AK-ows!). Romkowski and the head of another department, Anatol Fejgin, were convicted. And Brystyigier's trial then escaped - reportedly he intercede for her himself Gomulka.
She left safety in the fall of 1956. She received a departmental pension, and worked in state publishing companies - Our Bookshop and PAW. Under her maiden name (Julia Prajs) she released a fresh and a collection of stories.
The literary environment treated her mistrustfully and ambivalently - she was yet remembered that in the 1950s she "careed" for writers, among others. In the late 1960s she even tried to get into the Union of Polish Literature, but her application was rejected.
LASKI - A RETURN OF THE BRAND?
She went through an interesting transformation at the end of her life. She approached the Lasek environment, or more specifically: the facility for the Blind, whose staff was celebrated for its hospitality and open attitude towards people with completely different résumés; both opposition writers and intellectuals as well as fresh people of the government - specified as Brystigierowa.
"The people who created this atmosphere did not forever exclude the erring, even the criminals. They waited patiently" - explained Prof. Jan Żaryn in "IPN Bulletin".
- I'm sorry. She was baptized, and under the influence of the Franciscan sisters there she went through any kind of conversion. However, this is known mainly from the reports of secret safety collaborators who watched the plant in Laski - says Prof. Ryszard Terlecki.
What image emerges from these reports? "She has now realized how much evil and misery many people have done to their inhuman behaviour and is now trying to fix quite a few fresh Christian life" - quoted Fr Antoni Marelski of Lasek 1 of the informers there.
It is known that in the early 1960s she visited the plant regularly. Then these visits went away. But in 1975, Julia Bristygier, a erstwhile "Blood Luna", died supposedly in Laski.
LAST YEAR
She left the safety department on 16 November 1956. She later tried her strength as a writer, she published, among others, a fresh "Screaming Letters". She worked for PAW as an editor. She met p. Maria Gołębiewska, and through her – an environment centered around the Plant for the Blind in Laski. She was there many times, gathering with the pastors there. The SB conducted surveillance of her during these stays.
She was known for her persecution of the clergy and her individual torture after being imprisoned. She watched Maria Okonska and Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, contributing to his arrest.
She died in Warsaw as a profoundly believing Catholic. She was decorated, among others, with the Order of the First Class labour Championship. She's buried at the Military Cemetery on Powązki.
Documents, sources, quotations:
Alexander Szumański "Voice" Toronto
Documents, sources, quotations:
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