Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin summarizes the West’s goals in the following words: “The goal of liberalism is to destruct national states and to establish Western norms and rules of the planet Government. This position is [...] The Democratic organization in the United States, as well as most ruling in Europe. This is globalism" (Alexander Dugin, “The Manifesto of the large Awakening and Writings of War Time”, Warsaw 2022, p. 134).
What chances would Poland have in a globalist project? "The West seeks to realise something that the russian Union did not even dream of: to completely decision the real planet to virtual, to force people to emigrate into digital space, to mutations leading to digital cloud, to combine man with machine, genetic engineering and to transfer absolute power of artificial intelligence" (ibid., p. 114). Is it possible to usage the example of Dmowski's early views on liberal Anglo-Saxon ethics? Sławomir refers to her on the Polish political scene Mentzen, the head of “New Hope” and previously did so Janusz Korwin-Mikke. How about referring to the "Japanese" period in Dmowski to a more Community ethics characteristic of the alleged "identity movements"? In the class version it would correspond (politically extinct?) to the classical left. Theoretically, Catholic ethics remain. On the political phase he represents her (retorian or not) Grzegorz Braun. The full and ready in the textbooks of moral theology and conventional social teaching of the Church is cumbersome due to the fact that it requires religion (the sacramental life), which is lacking in secularized society. A supporter of Catholic ethics in public life remains in common with the unbelievers of natural reason (philosophy), which I besides usage in this, in fact, apologetic text. I consider the political forces left out in the calculations to be “globalistic” and, like Alexander Dugin, I consider it a mistake to mix them with any ethics.
Japanese ethics for Poles?
In the concept of Alexander Dugin, like the erstwhile ideas of Dmowski, Russia is simply a separate civilization seeking its own way in the perfect opposition to the West. "The ability to preserve the planet hegemony of the United States no longer depends on the orientation of the elites ruling this country. China and Russia have become so apparent geopolitical and civilizational rulers that it can no longer be denied" (ibid., p. 74). The Russian philosopher so seeks for Russia the perfect basis for its separateness, inspired by the wider phenomenon of "great awakening", consisting in protest of the masses against the liberal, globalist establishment. Looking for the basis for the identity movements, Dugin powerfully contrasts platonism with Western nominalism, in which he rightly looks at the sources of the modern West.
"The roots of the liberal (capitalistic) strategy are in a scholastic dispute about universality. This dispute divided Catholic theologians into 2 camps, 1 of which recognized the existence of a generality (kind, genre, universal) and the another thought that there were only separate, circumstantial and individual subjects whose names he treated in terms of external, contractual classification systems, lacking interior content" (ibid., p. 20). "Nominism has become the foundation of liberalism in ideology and economy in the future. He treated man exclusively as an individual and nothing more, and all forms of collective identity (religion, social group, etc.) were to be nullified. Things were besides considered in the category of absolute private property, circumstantial individual objects that could clearly be attributed to the individual owner. Nominism became dominant primarily in England and subsequently became popular in Protestant countries, gradually becoming a philosophical matrix of Modernity in the sphere of religion (individual human relations with God), discipline (atomicism and materialism), politics (seeds of bourgeois democracy), economy (market and private property), ethics (utilitarianism, individualism, relativism, pragmatism), etc." (ibid., p. 21) "Thanks to the era of colonial conquest, Western European capitalism became a global reality in the 20th century. The nominalist approach gained a dominant position in discipline and culture, in politics and economy, in the common reasoning of Western people and of all mankind under its influence" (ibid., p. 23).
Socialism, nationalism, fascism, or communism belong in specified optics to an internal, modernist reaction to individualism and nominalism. The present phase of this reaction triggers a "great awakening" which, within the modern Western idea, does not have adequate foundations. "The bourgeois nations formed at the threshold of modern times are the foundation of bourgeois civilization. This civilization destroys and eliminates everything it created yesterday, but uses barriers resulting from national identities to keep a state of conflict among humanity against the globalists [...] This means that in search of a platform for the large Awakening born in the United States we should scope beyond the borders of American society [...] and search inspiration in another civilizations, primarily non-liberal ideologies of Europe itself” (ibid., p. 41).
Aristotle and the Polish case
Dugin behind Plato postulates the existence of universal beings (universals), which are both references to general expressions and perfect beings. From the point of view of Aristotle's tradition, this is simply a combination in 1 of 3 separate issues. Many thinkers do not separate between what is individual and what is circumstantial and what is general and what is abstract. "What is individual is unique and what is general can happen in many cases. What abstracts are dependent ontologically [independent—among W.K.], and what is circumstantial to their existence requires no another existence" (Paul Rojek, "Trops and universality. Ontological Research”, Warsaw 2019, p. 10). Having noted that “platonism is simply a hidden nominalism” (i.e. p. 54) the Russian thinker yet opposes 2 sides of the same medal, or Platonicism vs nominalism. "Those who were convinced of the existence of generality and genreity were based on the classical tradition of Plato and Aristotle. They began to mention to themselves as realists, or those who recognized the reality of universalists. Their best known typical was Thomas of Aquinas, as well as the full tradition of the Dominican order. Proponents of the belief that only separate objects and beings are real referred to themselves as nominalists (the large Awakening, p. 21).
Historically, St Thomas and Aristotle were average realists. The denominationists opposed the Franciscan platonizing school of Duns Scots, not the average Dominican tomism. These are crucial details that fade in Dugin's narrative. He frequently simply writes about “group identity” without specifying what he means: known to many Russian philosophers, among others. Vladimir Solovyov or Paul Florence circumstantial universality of Hegel; or something else, for example abstract universality of platonists or abstract particularities of aristocratic – tomist tradition. "The explanation of property unitity was apparent to continental philosophers who, indirectly, by Franc Brentan, who was a Dominican in his youth, came from a scholastic tradition [...] It was different in Anglo-Saxon philosophy" (Paul Rojek, “Trops and Universality...”, p. 13).
In fact, the deficiency of a description of the average position of Aristotle is not amazing if 1 remembers that of the east Fathers of the Church only Saint John Chrysostom was Aristotle. The Platonizing East constantly threatens to rotation into gnosy or in indefinite mysticism, characteristic of Orthodoxy and Dugin himself. "The cold analysis of times of war undetectably yields not so much to the collision of civilization as to the apocalyptic scenario. The first is the factors that seemed to have long been on the social outskirts: Orthodoxy, Uniatism (Unit Church? – W.K.), division, Catholicism, and even Satanism. It is no longer ideology but purely spiritual realities that come to an end.
Outstanding Polish logic Stanisław Lesniewskiby relation Józef Bocheński, he invented 2 groups of people: those who believe in God, and those who believe in the classes (principles). Atheist Lesniewski was a declared denominationist. To Dugin as devoid of nominalism (and from all analytical doctrine which he misidentifies) remains to believe in God, or to believe in class. For God is (with the preservation of analogy) an individual specificity, not a full abstract. That is why Aristotle could show the existence of God, which is not possible for any denominationist or platinum (video: “Nominism is hidden platonism). Note bene due to the fact that the dogma of the Catholic Church proclaimed on the First Vatican Council (1869-1870) is that "God can be known in a way that is certain of natural reason without the aid of grace," a Catholic cannot believe in any inherent class. Logicians, specified as Lesniewski, are well aware of this fact, regardless of religion.
Unfortunately, it is unclear what Dugin believes. possibly he believes in any class. How Roman Dmowski from the “Japanese” period, which viewed patriotism in an independent moral union with the nation. At the time Dmowski was fascinated by the community ethics of the Japanese. Dugin, on the another hand, writes about the "Russian soul", as if about the Hegelic popularity (like Solovyov?) so that we are already close to Marxist "conscious necessity" and another disturbing inventions of modern times. Globalistic order besides assumes an independent moral union with nature, with humanity, with progress, etc.; the anticipation of creating hypostasis here is unlimited. At the same time, however, the Russian writes about Christ, who is not a popularist and who, in the world, can be rejected:
"First epidemic, after it war. We have become not only witnesses, but besides active participants of the Apocalypse. Not only the destiny of Heartland but besides the Spirit depends on who controls Ukraine. Either this part of the planet will be under the omophorio of Christ and His Pure Mother, or will stay under Satan, who will greatly strengthen his control over what constitutes the cradle of our Russian statehood of the Church and culture” (ibid.). It so seems that in Dugin there is no essential moral connection between the nature of man and the nature of God, which note bene postulates the theology of the Second Vatican Council (we are all saved as nature is grace) and in our own version globalism. The vagueness of the Russian thinker's position can be explained by his platonism and the deficiency in Orthodox tradition of technological theology.
Best civilization for Poles?
The fact is that the last quote is like the "St. Ignacy Loyola's reflection of 2 Flags" from the St. Ignacy Loyola spiritual Exercises. Polish elites would be very useful to regularly execute classical Ignatian retreats. This would be to draw from the very origin of spiritual, cultural and civilisational formation, liable for Polish identity and at the same time drawing from these non-liberal traditions of Europe. We can say the same thing about ourselves as Dugin says about the Russians: “Our society has been infiltrated by Western technologies, methodologies, standards, know-how, and even values. And that requires a extremist change. Who would make it? The people who were formed by the perestroika in the liberal and criminal 1990s? [...] Modern Russia lives solely by the inertia of the remnants of the russian paradigm, and everything else is purely liberal collapse” (ibid., p. 126).
If individual feels like being a Pole, they should realize what the stakes are. Even on a purely political level, it is very high. "There is another influential school in global relations in the West – realism. According to him, the national state remains an essential component of planet governance, but sovereignty is only available to those countries which are able to accomplish a certain advanced level of improvement [...] almost always do so at the expense of others. erstwhile liberals see the future under the regulation of the planet Government, realists imagine it under the alliance of leading Western powers, which will establish global rules in their interests. Here besides [...] You – Civilization and the multipolar planet are categorically negated” (ibid., p. 134).
Dugin correctly defines the very essence of the dispute: “In the eyes of supporters of multipolarity, the West is besides a State – Civilization, and even 2 – North American and European. However, Western intellectuals disagree; they do not have an adequate theoretical basis for this – only liberalism and realism know, and multipolarity is unknown to them [...] As long as the West categorically rejects multipolarism and the very concept of the State – Civilization, it will only be discussed through the language of force, from armed clashes to economical blockades, information wars, sanctions and others" (ibid.).
American Realists John J. Mearsheimer and Sebastian Rosato Alexander Dugin's thesis confirms that not civilizations as specified are liable for armed conflicts. "In fact, nations and not civilizations are the largest social groups to which people show peculiar loyalty. Nationalism and not Civilizationism – whatever it is – is the most powerful political ideology on our planet. It is so hard to wonder that empirical data do not support the thesis that conflicts in the modern planet are mostly due to the differences in civilization" ("As the states think. Rationality in abroad Policy”, 2024, p. 87). Political realism in its various versions recognizes state ideologies, regardless of their nature (liberalism, communism, nationalism, fascism, etc.) as a origin that does not translate global relations (see e.g. Kenneth N. Waltz "Man, State, War", Kraków 2023). So much indicates that this is the case. So we have no civilizational reason for war, which is always due to a clash of circumstantial political interests.
And I'm, sir, at the turn...
I think it is essential that Dugin and I should "think with full seriousness about the alternate to liberalism and then turn geopolitical rivalry ... into a complete clash of civilizations into a war of ideas. To do this, we must formulate our idea, our ideology and open it up to liberalism. We cannot proceed to twist and pretend, as we do today" (the large Awakening, p. 116). I think Poland is not losing anything on returning to scholastics, which it has not adopted. Just as he does not lose anything on the critical (not to be confused with thoughtless) rejection of the ideological achievements of modernity made by the Russian thinker. It is possible to regain and deepen the identity, i.e. to consolidate the formation which defines us as individuals, as people, as Poles.
Many thinkers (e.g. Alain de Benoist, Alfred N. Whitehead, Joseph M. Bocheński, Edward Hallett Carr) believed that Modernity is in 1 way or another a laicized product of medieval Christanitas. In this view, globalism is simply a secular version of Catholicism. any have been critical of this (e.g. pagan de Benoist) and others acclaiming (e.g. Bocheński Catholic). This does not change the truth, that we are dealing with the consequence of casual improvement alternatively than with historical necessity. According to Józef Bocheński, the past of thought is characterized by the right to return, or to advise the fundamental philosophical positions in the ever-changing historical contexts (cf. Józef Bocheński: “The outline of the past of philosophy”, Comoros 2009). possibly as witnesses of the large Awakening, we are witnessing specified a return?
The 20th century was Aristotle's age in doctrine and discipline (some wonder that besides in biology and physics). It was begun by the 19th century by the invention of mathematical logic, a debased subjective attitude of modern philosophy. Poles were besides active in this coup. Alfred Tarski with its semantic definition of truth. Doubtful ones should read Enrico Berti's monograph "Aristoteles in the 20th Century" (The Publications of the Institute of doctrine and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 2015): "The doctrine of Aristotle is possibly the only case in past of an open system, or philosophy, which on the 1 hand is simply a real system, or an elaborate and organic strategy of parts, characterized by crucial interior differences, but besides a certain unity, and on the another hand, is an open system, i.e. capable of receiving additions, which are multiplicable in connection with its large versatility, which is demonstrated by its extraordinary durability and strong presence in the doctrine of the 20th century [...]. It is possible to draw from the concepts, categories, distinctions, doctrines that find various applications, in various directions, both philosophical and scientific, both theoretical, or logical-metaphysical and practical, or ethical-political, not to mention applications for poetic and rhetorical purposes" (i.e., p. 277).
Aristotle fulfills Dugin’s requirements: “Philosophy is simply a delicate area. We must profoundly dip into the large systems of thought of the East and the West and emergence to the heights of theology, think about being and matter, about the roots of man and the origin of the world." Classical doctrine gives a broad scope for discussion and for defining your own identity and your own policy. It does not reject a priori of national or economical concepts even erstwhile it identifies them as a reaction within alien currents. It gives the field and tools to analyse the effects of religious, political, or economical changes in any aspect of them.
In the face of the coming planet War III ...
The fear is raised by modern social engineering. What if the discussion is prevented more effectively than from limiting the transmission of information by the "iron curtain" during the Cold War? The discipline that is worthy of this name now, whether or not doctrine breaks into the consciousness of the elite. Politically, the planet is moving towards a akin division, this time to the West and "global south". The borders before our eyes are defined in Ukraine and the mediate East. Undoubtedly, the U.S. will want to teardrop as much of the "shore" distant from Asian Heartland as possible to weaken its opponent. This has already been done with Europe; it has come to India and the mediate East. If technology allows, we can wake up in a completely orwellian world, separate powers whose “ministeries of peace” will carry out continuous warfare, “ministeries of truth” constantly falsify all information, “ministeries of love” to watch and execute and “ministeries of abundance” to keep citizens in a sense of constant deprivation caused by war, pseudo-ecology, aliens or any thought sold to people as reality.
If the technology were not up to the challenge, it would be possible to penetrate ideas between hostile blocks with unknowable consequences. For example, it is hard to tell what the consequences of Poland’s fast laicization after 1989 would consequence in, for example, a stronger encounter with Orthodox or even Confucianism. possibly positive, since civilizations don't origin wars by necessity. Orthodoxy is characterized by beauty, but is without intellectual content. However, the present "postobic" Catholic Church is deprived of both form and content, although both have accumulated in its tradition. The collision would so be interesting, not necessarily repeating the sad experiences of the Brest Union. In the spirit sphere, we should not usage force, which is consistent with the Polish tradition, but with reason (i.e. arguments and persuasion), with which in our tradition has already been different. We already observe that the traditionalist Priesthood of St. Pius X (FSSPX) works successfully in Belarus.
In Ukraine, the western LGBTQ values govern and politically undesirable churches are simply prohibited from acting. The boundaries of civilization can so amazingly shift. "Finally, east Europe. The membership of the countries of this region in NATO is besides a major problem for large Russia. Many of these countries are profoundly related to us: any through Slavicism, others through Orthodoxy, and others through Eurasian roots. In a word, our fellow nations. And they're in NATO... It's against logic. They better be a friendly bridge between us and Western Europe. The North Gas pipeline – 2 [...] Today, they play the function of a sanitary cordon, a classical tool of Anglo-Saxon geopolitics utilized to share continental Europe and Russian Euroasia" (ibid., p. 103).
The North gas pipeline no longer exists. Thanks to the invaluable minister Radosław Sikorski We really know why it doesn't exist. possibly it is time for Poland's location to yet give a geographical dividend alternatively of a continuous start account, which we will later traditionally mythologize and worship? This could happen within the Chinese task The Belt and Road. I quote the possibilities at the conclusion of Dmowski's hope: "We have not shared Europe's large successes – justice requires that we do not divide it now. He who was not permitted to feast should not take part in paying the bill for it." (‘Postwar planet and Poland’, Warsaw 2020, p. 297).
Vladimir Kowalik
Think Poland, No. 41-42 (6-13.10.2024)
