Gutorski: About the strategy and views

Essential considerations. About the state system.

Counting on the future parliamentary majority, the president speaks of a change in the state's system, the president appoints a squad to make a fresh constitution for the same purpose, namely gaining almost absolute power for 1 party. What kind of system, what authority, will the highest electorate want in 2027? It's up to them to the majority of Parliament! What do they gotta choose? Nihil in intellect quod non prius in sense – stated St. Thomas of Aquinas. (Nothing in the head that was not previously in the senses). To know, then, it is worth bringing any encyclopedia messages into your mind.

The State is simply a political organisation that covers the general public of a peculiar territory. Modern states are divided into monarchs and republics. Monarchy A medieval would be a dream system. After all, Sigmund August Just before the establishment of the Lublin Union, Volyn and Ukraine were excluded from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by 1 signature and joined these lands to the Crown! Monarchy The constitutional is simply a form of government in which the superior authority represents a lifelong and hereditary unit (prince, king, emperor), confers noble titles, etc. by sharing power with parliament and another bodies. In Poland there are supporters of the monarchy, even have a pretender for king. The 1921 Constitution abolished all titles outside of professional, utilizing them is illegal, although after the political transformation in 1989 it became fashionable. As a choice of state strategy after 1927 the monarchy is definitely impossible, so no 1 even proposes it.

Republic is the form of a strategy of a State in which authorities are appointed by direct or indirect elections, universal or limited to a circumstantial group of society as defined by the Constitution. The superior authorities in the republics disagree between the Presidency or Parliamentary-Office system, with a tripartition into legislative, executive and judicial powers. The head of state is usually the president or the Council of State.

Dictator is a form of power in the republic. An individual or a group of persons, even elected in the general election, exercises unlimited authority, without respect to democratic freedoms. 1 political organization is allowed, views beyond its programme are fought, even physically. In Italy it was a fascist party, in Germany the National-Socialist German Workers' organization (NSDAP). At the head of the state he was appropriately Duce Benito Mussolini and the FührerAdolf Hitler.

Dictatorship of the proletariat – "Social democracy" – according to Marxism, the state ruled by the working-boy class. In practice, this means power and panic over a society that exercises the power of the organization nomenclature, carrying out the will of the chief – the secretary-general of the only organization allowed. specified a strategy had the Union of Socialist russian Republics, with any modifications to countries of the "people's democracy", now including China and Vietnam. In the USSR it was the All-Union Communist organization (Bolsheviks) with Lenin, Joseph Stalin and their successors in charge. "Party heads, government governs", i.e. executes orders from the political office of the party.

Presidency strategy determines the relations between Parliament and the President. The president elected for a specified word (term) is at the same time the head of government. He appoints and dismisses ministers who are politically liable only to him. He himself and the government are not accountable to Parliament. In any cases, the constitutional president can be recalled in a peculiar way. The president has no legislative initiative and cannot participate in the work of the parliament with which he communicates through messages. Can study veto to laws passed by Parliament. Veto a qualified majority may be overthrown. Presidency strategy have been utilized since its inception in the 18th century by the United States; presently besides any African and Latin American countries. ‘Part-President’ the government has the V French Republic, where the president appoints the Prime Minister of the Government.

In the Second Republic of Poland, according to the Constitution of 1921, the President, elected for 7 years by the National Assembly (combined by the Sejm and the Senate), in addition to the average powers of the head of the state, appointed and dismissed the government, convened, postponed and closed session of the Sejm. The president was the head of the armed forces. did not answer to the Court of State. Since the "May flip" in 1926, the strategy autoritein which Józef Piłsudski played the function of “dictator”, and the government, appointed in a peculiar and fresh mode after the October 1926 elections, took over legislative power, limiting the functioning of the parliament. The 1935 Constitution confirmed an authoritarian, ‘half-presidential’ system. The president was the head of the Sejm and the Senate, appointed the president of the Council of Ministers at his discretion, and ministers at the request of the Prime Minister. He has obtained the President's power to issue acts without a countersignature of ministers. He was politically liable for his decisions only “before God and history.”

After planet War II, the Constitution of 1921 was in effect in 1945-1947. The head of state was held by the interim president of the National Council, from 1947 to 1952 by the full president of the Republic of Poland. He was entitled to agree.
with the Constitution of 1921 but for the right to terminate parliament. The Constitution of 1952 changed the name of the state to the Polish People's Republic, abolished the Senate, the head of the state entrusted the president of the State Council.

The Sejm, elected in June 1989, together with the Senate, elected on 19 July 1989 General Wojciech Jaruzelski as president of the Polish People's Republic and the Republic of Poland after the fresh constitution was passed on 29 December 1989. After his abdication 22.12.1990, he became president Lech Walesa. The fresh constitution restored the name of the state to the Republic of Poland, as well as the legislature and the office of the President, i.e. the parliamentary-office system. The Constitution of April 1997 confirmed the findings of the Sejm guaranteeing parliamentary-office arrangements. She devoted as many as 20 articles to the president: 126 – 145 and 122. besides much to quote, but it is known that any politicians seem to have besides limited the President's powers.

The desire to change the strategy concerns not only the introduction of a presidential system, preferably an utmost American model, but besides the simplification of the function of the Sejm, model of the actions of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. Or possibly the Chinese government would be most desirable: 1 party, a organization government, a capitalist economy, and any another views forbidden as unpatriotic – what more would you want? The choice is ahead!

The views.

An crucial component of voting for a organization in the parliamentary election is the belief that its programme is compatible, or at least akin to that of the voter. “The views are superstitions,” says an invention in the late 20th century political correctness.According to her, it is not appropriate to preach due to the fact that they may offend someone. For example, the usage of a word was banned black to an African American, even not to make fresh investments in Joseph Conrad's fresh “A black man from the Narcissus crewIt’s okay. ”

But all man has his views. As the net proves, everyone knows everything, has their own The worldview. The encyclopedia describes it as a collection of general beliefs concerning the world, man and society, the place of man in the world, the meaning of life, and the resulting ideals and values setting the line of conduct. A full and harmonious view is simply a strategy of claims, values and assessments, and standards and directives. Unfortunately, the planet view is frequently false, inconsistent. This is due to the deficiency of adequate cognition and intellectual laziness. For example, a Catholic who believes in reincarnation, an atheist who follows the predictions of horoscopes, a materialist who fears a black cat.

However, there is simply a state of head that is the other of political correctness. He wrote about it. J. W. Goethe in ‘CYoung Werter's impressions“ (1774): “Man is so created that he can be told the most improbable things that are firmly established.” This applies not only to unhappy love, which led the protagonist of the fresh to suicide, but besides to any ideology and religion resulting from infatuation or indoctrination. specified a strong planet view can lead to martyrdom and even spiritual wars. Changing a hellish worldview requires not only cognition but besides courage.

Most societies do not pay much attention to the coherence of their worldview, if they are curious in it at all, leaving reasoning to philosophers. In electoral propaganda, any parties put planet views ahead of them, although in practice they do not apply them themselves. I am not saying that there are mass philosophical views in Poland, existing in the ellipse of European culture. However, it is worth remembering them in a short time (formerly I would say in telegraph, but the last telegram I received equal half a century ago!)

Theism“realism” including the material and spiritual side of the planet – metaphysics. It brings to the concept of a individual God, eternal and infinite, the origin of all things. God created the planet and man – people have personality and intelligence (the ability to know
and understanding), morality (distinguishing good from evil), the request to make and live in society, but for being free to choose. Ethics is independent, its measurement is God. The communicative is one-way, no cyclic. It will end in judgement [judaism, Christianity, Islam]. any claims of theism are contrary to science. [Kant, John Paul II in encyclical ‘Fides et ratio“]

Deism. The 17th century brought the view that God created the world, the laws of origin and effect, after which he ceased to be curious in him, acting as “the large Watchmaker”. People are part of the “mechanism of the clock”, they have personality, but they are subject to destiny. past has 1 direction but has no purpose. In ethics, the discrimination between right and incorrect fades [Masonry,Fr. Staszic].

The modern form of deism is belief in Absolute. Being alone (“I am who is), not requiring a origin but a pre-cause of another lives and events. The Absolute (God) created the Universe and granted it the right of evolution, including people who are able to know the planet and make ideologies, ethics, art, history. He is simply a man, not God or Satan is liable for the good of evil, war and peace. [Einstein; Fr Michael Heller He erstwhile said, “If I had not been a Catholic priest, I would have believed in the Absolute.”

Naturalism, Scienticism. It has developed since the 18th century and has many fragments. He thinks God does not exist, substance is eternal, man is the consequence of evolution, a complex chemical and physical conglomerate, differs from animals, does not require the existence of God, after death disappears. past is linear has no purpose. At first, Christian ethics was accepted, now no cases concerning sex, abortion, euthanasia. Natural law does not exist, there is no prior sense of right and wrong, universality of moral norms. [The most crucial currents are secular humanism (man is the measurement of all things) and Marxism.]

Nihilism He preaches emptiness in life. God is gone, substance is eternalMan is simply a deformed mechanism, the reality of the universe is questionable. Naturalistic ethical relativism leads to a deficiency of all moral principles and norms, only guilt remains. [Nitsche, Becket, Hemingway].

Existentialism, formed in France around 1930 is an effort to exit nihilism. It has 2 basic varieties: atheistic Existentialism – is simply a "parasite of naturalism" from which he took over the claim of the nonexistence of God, eternity of matter, almost origin and effect. Man has a completely free will, the concept of value is relative, depends on the individual; after death he becomes an object. [Camus, Kafka, Heidegger, Vonnegut]. A planet view convenient for naturalists who do not believe in God but want to give meaning to their lives. Theistic practice is He took over the claims of the existence of God, the creation of the planet from nothing, man in the likeness of God, independent ethics, death—the transition to paradise or hell. It is different from that of theism that the strategy derives from man, not from God. The question of the existence of God is answered not by reason, but by faith. The Bible is poesy but historically credible [Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]. A planet view convenient for people who want to believe in God, but without the rigors of peculiar religions and beliefs.

Eastern Political Monism is found in university environments, among those seeking another forms of spirituality than theistic religions offer. These are yoga groups, east combat techniques, Hare Krishna etc. It requires rejecting values adopted in European culture.
In Poland it is simply a trace.

New Age, fresh Era, Aquarius Era. This planet view developed in the 2nd half of the 20th century first in the United States, late in the West of Europe. It is simply a mixture of occultism, shamanism, black and white magic, the usage of drugs of parapsychology, ecology, east martial arts, paramedicine. The fresh Era rejects the existence of God, Man is simply a large biocomputer. The planet is inhabited by many evil and good spiritual beings. The visible planet and the laws of nature can be governed by a "alternative world" in which there is no time, space, or morality. “The views are superstitions” [an interesting article in Gazeta Wyborcza, 12. 10. 1994], each has its own. This view leads to moral nihilism, atheistic existentialism, or pantheistic, [There are fresh Age followers in Poland!]

I will add a fewer sentences about the worldview situation in Poland. For over a 1000 years, the Theistic Worldview has dominated Poland – Christian religion, mainly in the Roman Catholic version. Polish Catholicism is found mostly as “Popular Catholicism”, before the Council reforms Vaticanum II. It is emotional, ceremonial, based on the cult of Mary and many saints, specialists in various diseases, lost things, insolent matters – intermediaries between men and God. (It rubs against polytheism!). There are groups “open, e.g. Club Common Week’ or Dominican Dear, decision Light and Life but besides ultraconservative The household of Radio Maryja. Both Card. Stefan Wyszyński, like John Paul II and the vast majority of the Episcopal view this kind of Catholicism as right, inhibiting council reforms and supporting conservative parties. It seems that the spiritual cognition of most Polish Catholics is limited to catechism in the version of preparation for the first communion and the teaching of religion at school. Later there remains tradition, rituals, not paying attention to the contradiction of religion with the achievements of science. (Example is the denial of evolution, the creation of man, etc., and in the fresh past the procession through the streets of the city as a means of combating epidemic Covid!). People are alternatively rational in life by choosing from religion convenient for them, ignoring hard and not worrying besides much about metaphysical issues. The church, having an afterlife, has a large influence on the temporal decisions of voters.

Other types of worldview are represented in Poland to a greater extent, primarily left-wing Naturalism, mainly in the materialistic and moral zone. another worldviews happen in trace amounts, but they besides number in elections and in life.

Krzysztof Gutorski

The author is simply a elder of the National Camp, a longtime publicist of the "Homeland". He turned 96 that year.