The Lost Books of Copernicus

from page 77:

It is not known precisely erstwhile Copernicus began to make his main work "De revolutionibus" (About turnover). This must have been around 1515. Copernicus wrote his work in secret, allowing only his closest friends to her. At first the work was to number eight books, Then he reduced it to seven, and yet entered it in six books.

Copernicus's first title was "De revolutionibus", only the publishers added a further part to the title – hence the "De revolutionibus orbium celestium" ("On the rotation of celestial spheres").

However, fromborski did not rush to print his work. It was directed against the 2 basic authorities of the then human race: the Bible and the views of Aristotle, the most prominent student of ancient times. Therefore, the manuscript “De revolutionibus” He's spent years not announced, while its author continued to conduct investigation and calculations, giving carefully selected friends and scholars information about the principles of his fresh planet system.

Copernicus's caution was full understood. The heliocentric explanation considered to be “unholy” raised increasing suspicions even among those who were not curious in astronomy, and its creators threatened to bring the church inquisition to justice. On the another hand, Copernicus himself wrote in “De revolutionibus” that He was afraid of ridicule from ignorant people. (no lessons).

The most crucial part of “De revolutionibus...” was the first book, covering 10 chapters. It contained the main thesis of Copernican science. The author began by saying that “the planet is spherical” and that “The earth is besides spherical”. As evidence of the globularity of the earth, he gave examples specified as the change in the appearance of starry sky erstwhile moving to the north and south, the experience of sailors, saying that invisible land from the ship's deck can be seen from the tallness of the mast, etc.


STRENGTHENING
Years passed, the large astronomer had already crossed the threshold of old age. He seldom left Frombork unless he was going to the close Lubawa to visit an old friend, Bishop Tideman Gize. He felt more and more alone. The composition of the chapter has changed considerably. While young canons treated Copernicus with respect, the age difference did not let for closer intimacy. However, there was a fact that somewhat brightened the last years of Copernicus's life.

A young scholar, prof. of mathematics in Wittenberg, Jerzy Joachim von Lauchen, from his place of origin, the erstwhile Roman state of the Recia, came to him. Although he taught in his lectures of the geocentric system, he had any cognition of Copernicus’s views and desired to hear more about him, and above all, to know him personally and to test the theoretical assumptions of his discovery.

In May 1539, a twenty-five-year-old Retic arrived at Frombork, willing to condemn or adore. Copernicus made his work available to him, presenting in a comprehensive way the full complex strategy of fresh astronomical science. The young Wittenberczyk brought with him to Frombork and donated any valuable books to Copernicus, with the aid of which the astronomer fromborski supplemented with any details the manuscript “Operts”. On the title card of each of the presented volumes, Retic wrote: “The celebrated husband of P. Doctor Nicholas Copernicus, P. to his teacher G. Joachimus Rheticus”.

In 1540 Retic issued a proceeding in Gdańsk in order to prepare the land for the printing of “Orotów” Retic, which was given an highly long Latin title, addressed to Jan Schoner, astronomer, astrologer and Nuremberg geographer. The title was as follows: "Ad clarissimum virum D(ominium) Joannem Schonerum de libris revolutionum eruditissimi viri et Mathematicae excellentissimi, Reverendi D(omini) Doctoris Nicolai Copernici Torunnaei, Canonici Varmiensis, per quendam Iuvenem, Mathematicsae studiosum Narratio Prima" (To the celebrated husband of Mr. on turnover booksa very learned husband and excellent mathematician, Reverend Dr. Nicholas Copernicus, Toruńczyk, Kanonik Warmiński, by a young man fond of mathematics The communicative One.) Under this title, Retic wrote the Greek quote: “Whoever wants to philosophize must be a free spirit.”

de libris revolutionum eruditissimi

de libris revolutionum eruditissimi viri et Mathematicsi excellentissimi,

“Narratio prima” discussed in item the contents of the first 4 books of Copernicus. The author gave reasons why the Ptolemy strategy should be rejected, emphasized the function of mathematics in astronomical research, and justified the function of Earth in the universe widely. He imitated the kind of ancient writers, adorning them with many Greek and Latin quotations. He expressed his highest respect for Copernicus, praising his master for his virtue and reason, for his cognition and goodness.But he never mentioned him by name, only called “Dominus Praeceptor” (Mr Teacher).

The main part of his work was closed by Retic with these words: “May the fact prevailOh, my God! May courage prevail! Let discipline always stay in respect! Let all master in his art bring to light what is useful, and let it be revealed in moderation so that we can always know that he is only looking for the truth. My teacher will never fear a court of respectable and learned husbands, but alternatively will willingly surrender to specified a court!"

In the end, we had an effect and Copernicus agreed to print “Turnovers”. When in 1541 a visitor from Wittenbergi left Frombork, He was carrying a manuscript with him.

Upon arriving in Germany, he entrusted his printing to Nuremberg printer Jan Petreius. During the printing of the “Turnovers”, which occurred without Retic’s involvement, publishers suggested The introduction of Copernicus’s false views. He explained that heliocentric explanation does not should be a image of reality, but can only be a fiction facilitating bills. A number of amendments were besides made to the text voluntarily.

Copernicus himself wrote a foreword addressed to Pope Paul III. The Pope, from the wealthy Italian household Farnesse, was an educated man, curious in astronomy, and Copernicus hoped that he could thus save his book from being condemned by the Church.

In March 1543 the work was finished. A Retic arrived in Nuremberg and began sending them to different recipients. The first edition of “De revolutionibus...” included 203 cards. The text, containing many illustrations, ended with the words “Finis libri sexti et ultimi revolutionum” (end of book of the sixth and final turnovers). It was about a 1000 copies.

Finis libri sexti et ultimi revolutionum

Meanwhile Copernicus has been severely sick since the end of autumn 1542. Despite the caring care that his friends surrounded him, he became weaker and weaker to yet close his eyes forever on 24 May 1543.

Copernicus was buried straight under the level of the cathedral, close the altar, belonging to his canon. For 38 years his body rested without a tombstone and only in 1581 did Bishop Marcin Kromer give him specified a plaque.

In 1618 he came to Frombork in search of memorabilia after Copernicus prof. of the Cracow Academy, Jan Brożek. He took many valuable papers with him to Krakow, after which unfortunately the way disappeared. During the Swedish Wars of 1626–1630 Frombork was occupied by the troops of Gustav Adolf and thoroughly skinned. A capitular library was then moved to Sweden, where, among another things, books erstwhile owned by Copernicus were located, and his letters, records from his time in Olsztyn, etc.

In 1735, the chapter decided to build Copernicus a fresh gravestone, removing the erstwhile one. However, the fresh plaque was not placed until a fewer decades later, and at any place in the central nave of the cathedral. It had nothing to do with an astronomer’s eternal resting place.

That's why a German came to him, gained his favor: “My Lord and Master”and then sabotaged - and possibly liquidated.

Initially, the work was to number 8 books, but six were yet issued - it's alternatively a crucial difference, especially since we're talking about those times.

The first title was "De revolutionibus", only publishers added for further part, hence ‘De revolutionibus orbium celestium’
The first subject of the work may have been talking about any revolution - in science, or the perception of planet past based on the discovery of Copernicus.

The manuscript "De revolutionibus" spent not announced many years, while its author continued to conduct investigation and calculations, giving carefully selected friends and scholars information about the principles of his fresh planet strategy - Just like me

He was afraid of ridicule from ignorant people. - present the net is buzzing about Reptilians and UFOs, or even flat Earth - believe me - ALL this is produced, watched, supervised by peculiar services and by useful idiots duplicated.

The rhetic stayed in Frombork for 2 years.
In order to prepare the land for the printing of “Orotów” Retic issued a dissertation in 1540 in Gdańsk, about books of turnover of a very learned husband and excellent mathematician, In order to legitimize the forgery, did he first issue a "speak"?

Or, to make himself credible in front of Copernicus, to give him a manuscript on a long journey (why "About Rotations." was published in Nuremberg, alternatively than in Gdańsk like a "unique"?) first he published something from his works - which could have been based on books or any notes brought by Retic: He donated respective valuable books to Copernicus, with the aid of which the astronomer fromborski supplemented with any details the manuscript “Opertów”.

Under this title, Retic wrote the Greek quote: “Whoever wants to philosophize must be a free spirit.” Isn't Copernicus' spirit free? They possessed him? Very possible.
“Narratio prima” discussed in item the contents of Copernicus’s first 4 books. - or possibly these books (and only these?) were about heliocentricity.

But he never mentioned it by name, only called “Dominus Praeceptor” (Mr Teacher).
covering up the tracks, or to make it hard for another scholars to find him and find out at sources before he died - I have no uncertainty that:

The chief part of his work was closed by Retic with these words: “Let the fact prevail! Let all master in his art bring to light what is useful, and let it be revealed in moderation
TRUTH - the favourite word of thieves and frauds. And yet any hint to hide the truth."unveils in moderation" - a informing or a threat to others?

When a visitor from Wittenbergi left Frombork in 1541, he carried with him a manuscript of the work.
Upon arriving in Germany, he entrusted his printing to Nuremberg printer Jan Petreius. At the time of printing ‘Turnovers’, that came without Retic's involvement, publishers suggested the introduction of their false views of Copernicus. He explained that heliocentric explanation does not should be a image of reality, but can only be a fiction that makes bills easier. A number of amendments were besides made to the text voluntarily.

So it's like there's something out there, in case individual asks - I'm sorry. "but yes, there was a forgery - publishers dared to fake Copernicus's book, I was very outraged... fortunately the fact remained..."

In March 1543 the work was finished. A Retic arrived in Nuremberg and began sending them to different recipients. The text, containing many illustrations, concluded with the words: the end of the book of the Sixth and Last Rotations

So, no uncertainty about it. - "There was nothing else! He just wrote it!"

Meanwhile, Copernicus was severely sick from the end of autumn 1542. Despite the caring care that his friends surrounded him, he became weaker and weaker to yet close his eyes forever on 24 May 1543.
According to tradition, on the day of his death, a messenger arrived at Frombork, carrying a copy of “De revolutionibus...”. The large student was yet to take the work of his life with cool hands. However, there is no evidence of this, contrary to the contrary, the astronomer's severe wellness condition seemed to exclude the anticipation that at least for a minute he would recover long-lost consciousness.

I'm certain it's a legend, they needed it to authenticate their forgery: "Yes, Copernicus had seen the printing of his work before he died, he was very pleased..."

For 38 years his body rested without a tombstone
In 1618, Jan Brozek. He took many valuable papers with him to Krakow,And unfortunately, the way is missing. During the Swedish Wars between 1626 and 1630 Frombork was occupied by the troops of Gustav Adolf and thoroughly skinned. A capitular library was then moved to Sweden, where, among another things, books erstwhile owned by Copernicus were located, and his letters, records from his time in Olsztyn, etc.
In 1735, the chapter decided to build Copernicus a fresh tombstone plaque, removing the erstwhile 1 for this purpose. However, a fresh table was placed It's only after a fewer decades, and it's anywhere else, in the central nave of the cathedral. It had nothing to do with an astronomer’s eternal resting place.