WERSZAW AND EVERYTHING GROWLS THE POLISH RADIO.
12 MAY 1935 WAS DEAD BY THE FIRST MARCH OF THE POLISH JOSEF PILSUDSKI.
Polish Radio Warszawa and all the broadcasts of Polish Radio on 12 May 1935 sent a message about the death of the First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski, who died on that day at 8:45 in Belvedere. National mourning has been declared.
On the news of the death of Marshal Piłsudski, the president of the Republic of Poland Ignacy Mościcki gave the Message to the Nation. Just before 1 night on 13 May 1935, he went to Belvedere to pay tribute to the deceased Marshal.
President Ignacy Mościcki then said:
‘[...] The object of national worship cannot be simply suffering. Through his creative instincts, the nation finds an outlet in the apotheosis of action and greatness. Without reverence for greatness there is no power of the State... On May 12, 1935, the tragic day for the Nation and the Polish State covered all Polish hearts with heavy, undulate mourning. He left us forever, left us at a time erstwhile we most request His wise, caring and all-predicting care. The top man at the turn of all our history, who from the depths of past past the power of his spirit drew and superhuman exertion of thought and costly future guessed [...]”.
The ceremony celebrations were a immense manifestation of the worship of Józef Piłsudski, further enhanced after his death. It is estimated that Józef Piłsudski's ceremony was most likely the largest ceremony of his kind always held in Poland.
It should not be forgotten that 2 Polish cities of Warsaw and Lviv were decorated by the Warden of State with the Knight's Cross "Virtuti Militari". On 22 November 1920, Lviv was the first and only Polish city in the Second Polish Republic to be decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Order "Virtuti Militari". The ceremony was performed by the Chief Marshal Józef Piłsudski, who besides received a parade at Legionów Street in Lviv. This is the highest Polish military award given to a heroic city, which inactive proudly bears the motto "Semper Fidelis". Both the courage of the inhabitants during the fighting started in November 1918 to preserve the Polishness of the city and its later opposition to the Red Army's attack in 1920 were appreciated.
In the full past of the order, apart from Lviv, only 2 another cities received this honor – Warsaw and Verdun. In addition, 162 lions were besides individually decorated. On that day, Piłsudski said: “There was a regular conflict for hope, a regular conflict for endurance. The populace tried the army, the military tried the population. And erstwhile I, as a military justice giving awards, marking people, thought of the run under Lviv, the large merits of your city were judged as if I had had 1 collective soldier and decorated the Lions with the Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, so that you were the only city in Poland that, by my hand, as the Chief Leader, for my war work, received an award for endurance.
What constituted the way of Marshal Józef Piłsudski to regain the independency of the Polish State after 123 years of captivity was permanently included in the past of our Nation and State.
At the time of the pogrom of the central powers and the revolution created on this background, which swept the throne of the Hohenzollers and a number of another German thrones from the surface, there was a state of indescribable confusion and tragic uncertainty on the Polish lands. In those memorable and crucial events of November 1918, the day of our independency emerged. Poland was an audience of chaotic and worrying political and social accidents. Everywhere we were in danger, the horizon was heavy, dangerous clouds.
The German business was inactive rampant on Polish lands, and the country was flooded with foreign, immoral pay. From the east we were threatened by the Bolshevik storm, the Ukrainian War was on fire in east Małopolska and the heroic “Semper Fidelis” Lviv bled in a desperate fight for his Polishness and belonging to the Matrix. On the western ends of Poland, Czechs reached out their predatory hands to Cieszyn, while Wielkopolska and Silesia continued under the hateful Prussian yoke. The full country, destroyed by war, lay in ruins, the population was exhausted to the final limits. Miserable and desperate, they're all over the place. There was no everything; money, food, fuel, rolling stock, as well as weapons, ammunition and war equipment. The country was not only ruined but besides vulnerable. Yet, we were threatened by a march on the east front of about 3 100 thousandths of the German army, well armed and exquited, which we could defy only a thin fistful of nonunionous troops. So the situation was truly tragic. The uncertainty of tomorrow, like the millstone, weighed over Poland on these historical breakthrough days. And the horror of location was even greater by the chaos of political passions. In Zagłębie Dąbrowski there was a communist ferment, troops of the Red defender shot at passing trains in Ząbkowice. In Warsaw itself, she was lurking in the suburbs of hydra of Bolshevik anarchy, ready to jump. The communist ferment fueled the masses of the unemployed, which were about half a million.
Poland in November 1918 was 1 large bundle of agitated social and political passions. The most utmost radicalism and the most ruthless demagoguery fought against each another for a palm of precedence in bringing out the brightest slogans and programs for rebuilding Poland on fresh grounds. For there were besides those who considered the suspension at the Royal Castle of the Red Flag to be the most crucial task in this minute of history. There were others whose main concern was to remove the crown from the head of the White Eagle. There was only no power. Although inactive in Warsaw, the Regency Council was created by the occupiers, composed of Archbishop, Prince and a rich nobleman, but had no meaning or influence. It bore its origin from the nominations of German and Austro-Hungarian business authorities, on the basis of the patent given by these authorities on state power in the Kingdom of Poland dated 12 September 1917. She took office on 27 October that year. Her own infirmity and helplessness were even more severe. At the same time, she had a dangerous rival in the extremist “Temporary People's Government of the Republic of Poland” established to life on 7 November 1917, who resided in Lublin and was highly radical. In a word, there was a terrible chaos; power, as it was rightly said, "was lying on the street."
When all this happened, he drove to Warsaw by train Józef Piłsudski, the only man who at this large historical minute had all the data to become the center of power in the prevailing general expansion and chaos.
He arrived in Warsaw in the misty and gzysty morning of November 10, 1918 – and it was Sunday – a fewer hours after leaving the capital of the reborn Poland by politician General Hans Hartwig von Beseler, who left for Germany under cover of night with his staff. The news of the arrival in Warsaw of the Leader of Legions spread rapidly. At the station and in front of the train station, the troops gathered to welcome the Chief returning from Magdeburg Prison. A typical of the Regency Council, Fr Zdzisław Lubomirski, besides arrived, who then drove Piłsudski to his palace, where he held a longer conference with him. This was the first authoritative act of Józef Piłsudski upon his arrival in Warsaw. There were countless others after her. nevertheless tired, Piłsudski did not even think about remainder on that day. Having resided temporarily in a guest home at Moniuszko Street, he accepted various delegations and held conferences all the time by late night. At the same time, the first clashes with the occupiers and the first accidents of the demolition of the Germans began in Warsaw.
On these works and events ended the first day of Piłsudski's stay in Warsaw after his return from Magdeburg and a memorable 1 in the past of our statehood, Liberation Day November 11, 1918. This day, great, radiant, dreamt in 4 generations, treated with the hot thought of the full nation and occupied with the full sea of tears and blood, the day of the final liberation of Poland from bondage bonds, the day in which Poland was created to live anew its own life, independent, life in the sun and glory of Freedom and Independence. This unforgettable day of November 11, 1918, is the feast of our resurrection, the day of our rebirth as a Nation and a State, elevated to the dignity of the State holiday. Since that day, the past of the Independent Polish State has been dated inextricably connected with the First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski. In general, erstwhile Piłsudski arrived in Warsaw, there was a major turn in the present dangerous situation in which Poland was located. If the power has been lying on the street so far, then now there is simply a man in whose hands the nation could lay it with all religion and trust. This was understood by the Regency Council, a typical of the most conservative part of the society, which on that day gave Józef Piłsudski military power and the chief command of the Polish armed forces, and on 3 days later, “directing himself to the welfare of the Homeland”, as she pointed out in her message, besides the sovereign state power, and she herself dissolved and gave way. He besides spontaneously dissolved the “Temporary People's Government of the Republic of Poland” in Lublin and voluntarily surrendered to Piłsudski's power.
But not only did the nation admit its superior and chief in Piłsudski. besides the occupiers, whose position was highly uncertain, realized and understood that the situation in Poland had changed completely, that there was individual behind whom the full nation stood, who has full power and strength to execute it. On the same day that Piłsudski arrived in Warsaw, representatives of the alleged "Soldatenrat" alleged Żolnierski Council came to him, which took over the business crews, with the message that German troops would leave Warsaw voluntarily, without a fight, as long as Piłsudski engaged them a peaceful journey to the country.
An crucial success was besides the acceptance by the Command of the alleged "Ober-Ost (Eastern Army) of Piłsudski's request to evacuate Ukraine with the Kingdom bypassing Kowel-Brześć-Bialystok railway line. In this way, the consequences of Piłsudski were avoided, which could have resulted in a march of more than 200 000 soldiers of the German east Front army. After the final release of Warsaw, where the last transport with Germany departed on 19 November 1918, and at the same time the full country from the scourge of the occupying army, work began under Piłsudski's direction on the erection of the resurrected Polish statehood. But Piłsudski’s authority overcame the increasing difficulties. Everything had to be built from the very foundations – its own administration, treasure, economical life, military; at the same time, order had to be established in chaotic political relations. They characterize most of these relations of the word Piłsudski:
‘[...] The chaotic chaos in which I fell back from Magdeburg, the chaos of the courts, the thoughts, the sentences, the groups, the chaotic chaos, impossible even to put into any puzzle, the chaotic discrepancy—was so great, so immense that I thought it was 1 of the wonders that I could lead you out of this chaos to any path...I talked to hundreds of people, with representatives of various lands, organizations, associations, interests...everyone said that he was an full nation, everyone wanted his government, everyone threatened that another government did not perceive [...]”.
There was so a danger that among these anarchist moods Poland would fall victim to this Moloch who had already absorbed Ukraine, Belarus and Georgia. And specified danger existed and was very serious. However, that Poland has successfully missed, and the Bolshevik Revolution's fire has only fried it, but it did not burn it, it is 1 of the large merits of Józef Piłsudski's politics.
Piłsudski Ignacy Daszyński was appointed to form the first Polish government, after which Jędrzej Moraczewski, nicknamed “E. K. Pomorski”, “Edward” (born 13 January 1870 in Trzemeszno k. Gniezno, Wielkopolska, born 5 August 1944 in Sulejówek) was a Polish railway engineer, postgraduate of the Lviv University of Technology, captain of the Legion bomb squad, union activist, politician and publicist. The successor of Jędrzej Moraczewski was Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who simultaneously served as Minister of abroad Affairs, the Knight of the Order of the White Eagle and the French Legion of Honor.
Thus, in an incredible, short time, within just 2 weeks of Piłsudski's taking over, the foundations were laid under the state strategy of the resurrected Poland. Piłsudski united in his individual the duties of the Chief of State, liable duties of the Chief Commander, organizer of the Polish Army. This army for the defence of the country from external and interior enemies had yet to be created. Armed hands of enemies stretched out Polish lands. The Polish army had to be armed and equipped with appropriate means. Fortunately, the basis for creating an army existed ready. They were hosts of erstwhile legion soldiers and staff of the Polish Military Organization (P.O.W.). Joseph Piłsudski, the army of the reborn Polish state, based on them, tried troops. And again it turned out to be what for Poland was Action on August 6, 1914, what made of it Legions! (link is external)
Thanks to the fact that we had these ready-made staff on which the organization of the gradually formed large army was based, it was possible to organize a rescue for Lviv, to undertake an effective run in east Małopolska; it was possible to send the essential forces to Silesia Cieszynski to fight the Czech invasion; it was shortly possible to free the South-Eastern Borders.
And under what hard and hard conditions the creation of this Polish army was, the Chief Leader's order of 14 February 1919 instructs:
"Based on the fear among the occupiers, rather a large amount of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and war material were seized. The material obtained had to be rapidly formed, armed and trained by combat units, arising from officers and privates from various troops and volunteers, i.e. non-uniform elements. The Ukrainian invasion of Lviv, the threat of Chełmszczyz, the unclear situation, and later the war with the Czechs, the approaching of the Bolsheviks by Lithuania, the necessity to observe all borders – the Chiefs forced Command to throw force at endangered points, without adequate equipment, whose country, impoverished by war, could not deliver. And without any essential human supplements. Under these conditions, higher tactical units could not be formed, due to the fact that continuous tension on the combat front and insufficient numbers of soldiers did not let to make stronger reserves. Command was forced to rapidly form individuals, despite deficiency of training, exercise, uniformation, even with inadequate underwear, send them to the front...’.
As the predictor was Piłsudski, striving to make the strongest army in the shortest possible time, it turned out in the spring of 1919, erstwhile the threat of the Bolshevik flood was hung over the resurrected Poland. For behind the erstwhile German army from the Russian front, many and strong Red Army divisions moved towards the Polish lands. The military action taken by the Bolsheviks aimed to ignite the revolutionary fire in the West, and above all to shake hands with the revolution in Germany. The road led through Poland, which the leadership of the Red Army expected to crush with 1 hit. In February, russian troops had already stood over Szczara, occupied Vilnius and across Polesie reached the Bug line.
The country was not aware of the danger, but it was understood and accurately assessed by Piłsudski.
At the same time, in the West, the paragraphs of the peace treaty were formed and hostile factors in Poland insisted that Poland should close only within the area from Warta to Bug and Narwi. In view of the state created by the russian action in the East, the decision could easy have been made, prejudging the east borders of the Polish state, according to the dictate of representatives of Russian emigration, and then immense rags of Polish land with Vilnius and Grodny would have been lost to Poland forever. Piłsudski refused to let specified opportunities, contrary to the opposition he had encountered in the parliamentary circles, contrary besides to the Western coalition, on whose behalf the French MP demanded that the areas behind Bug stay with Russia.
And a fresh era of acts of the Polish weapon under Piłsudski began. He created and constantly organized the Polish army, increasing into material strength and spiritual strength each day joined fresh laurels to the wreath of Polish war glory. Walking from triumph to victory, the Polish army captured Lida on 12 April 1919, and in a week later liberated Vilnius, then Grodno, to take Minsk in further victorious battles over the Red Army, to force the Dźwina line and after crossing the Berezyna to conquer Bobrujsk and Boris and to end its offensive together with the Latvian troops to conquer the city and fortress of Dyneburg. At the same time, with this offensive, as a consequence of the winning war operations on the confederate front, the Polish troops occupied Volyn, and made the liberation of Lviv and east Małopolska from the Ukrainian invasion, taking possession of the reborn Polish state the full area after Zbrucz. He did not halt Piłsudski on these victories. erstwhile peaceful negotiations with the Soviets, who only wanted to gain time in this way, and at the same time strengthened their army and prepared for a decisive blow, they wavered, Piłsudski preempting the Bolshevik offensive and wanting to thwart it, carried out a bold assumption, and a profoundly politically thought-out plan to strike Ukraine and free her from Russian captivity.
As Ignacy Daszyński states in his work “The large Man in Poland” dedicated to Piłsudski: “It was an incarnation of a immense political thought, it was, in the event of success, a terrible blow to Russian imperialism, considering Ukraine as its conquest for 3 centuries, a blow to Russia's regulation over the Black Sea, a blow to the full economical strategy of the Russian, white or red Tsars state.”
On 25 April 1920, under the individual direction of Piłsudski, the Ukrainian offensive brought fresh laurels to the Polish weapon. In just 2 weeks, the Polish army, numerically small, fought under the eyes of the Chief Leader, crossed a immense part of the country from Zbrucz to Dniepr and, with a full fire, captured Kiev on 8 May.
But shortly after the days of triumph came the days of defeat. Here, after the business by the Polish troops of Kiev, russian divisions grouped on the northern front, abruptly passed into the offensive. Although this hit was evaporated and the enemy was stopped on the spot, but at the expense of weakening the Polish front in Ukraine. The Red Army took advantage of this and threw 4 divisions of the horse army under the leadership of Budionny on Polish troops located in Ukraine. The inevitable consequence was the retreat of Polish troops from Ukraine. And suddenly, on 4 July, the russian troops gathered on this front in a immense number of troops undertook a violent offensive under the slogan: “On Vilnius, Minsk, Warsaw”, that, as the commander of the Red Tuchaczewski Army preached, “through a corpse to Poland”, they would gain a “way to the universal fire of the revolution”.
However, on those days he saw the chief chief’s defeat and horror. At the most critical minute erstwhile the enemy approached the gates of the capital, on the evening of 5 August and on the night of 6 August, he states, “he worked himself to extract the decision”. He later wrote about this in his book “The Year 1920”: “[...] Over all of Warsaw was a plague of sage, powerlessness and reasoning of cowards. The clear evidence of this was a delegation, begging for peace. I sentenced Warsaw from above to a passive role, to withstand the force that followed it.
But then with a passive role, I didn't want to tie up the vast majority of my strength. erstwhile I was reasoning about reducing passive cast again, I was afraid about whether Warsaw would stand and whether the fact that any part of the army, already drawn into it, would not reduce weak moral forces and deficiency of assurance in the ability to defend... After respective attempts at the bill, I decided to retreat to the south most of the 4th army and to hazard the confederate shield by pulling out 2 divisions which I considered the best – 1 and 3 legions...As a place of concentration, the “rounds, covered by a comparatively wide river of Pork, were chosen with the backrest of the left wing of Dęblin and the covering of bridges through both the Vistula and the Pork[...]”.
“I grin at this thought,” he writes, “so that during the decisive operation, I do not become the constant object of the force of wise fear and reasonlessness.”
The superb plan of the conflict of Warsaw in its concept was culminated in a success that caused amazement and admiration throughout the world.
Thus Poland saved itself and Europe from the defeat of "The Spectre circulating across Europe, the spectrum of communism", a program declaration by the Union of Communists (German Communist Party) written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the late 1847s and 1848s and announced in February 1848 in London.
Edgar Vincent, Viscount of D’Abernon (born 19 August 1857) – British politician, diplomat, writer, Warszawski conflict (Under Warsaw 1920) rated the “eighteen decisive conflict in planet history” In his book The Eighteen decisive conflict in the past of the world, the year of the 1932 edition wrote, among others:
“[...]The modern past of civilization knows fewer events, having meaning greater than the conflict of Warsaw in 1920. It does not know 1 thing that would be little appreciated...If the conflict of Warsaw ended with the triumph of the Bolsheviks, there would be a turning point in the past of Europe, for it is no uncertainty that with the fall of Warsaw the Central Europe would have opened up for communist propaganda and for the russian invasion...In many historical situations Poland was the foreshadow of Europe against the Asian invasion...at no point in merit, located by Poland were greater, in no case was the danger more dangerous... ...the triumph was achieved thanks to the strategical genius of 1 man and thanks to his action so dangerous that it required not only talent but besides heroism(...)”.
And the head of the French diplomatic mission of Jusserand, who besides stayed in Warsaw in 1920 as an observer for his government, said: “The enemy of Poland was an enemy of all civilized countries. Social governance was threatened, and the danger hung over the political order established by the Treaty of Versailles.
Only any political factors in Poland, the same ones that constantly undermined the independency movement, resurrected and led by Piłsudski did not want to admit its merits. The ferocious hatred of the organization to the Leader liberated from the captivity of Poland dictated to them the thought of... distorting the truth, falsifying the conviction of history. The Polish Savior wanted to make the French, General Weygand, despite the fact that the defence of Warsaw was carried out against the plan and advice of this good friend of Poland, who himself stated publically how it truly was. General Weygand advised to abandon the defence of Lviv and usage the forces drawn from it to defend Warsaw.
The individual and political enemies of Józef Piłsudski held a manifestation in the courtyard of Krasiński Palace in Warsaw, where respective twelve women from the aristocracy were placed, and erstwhile General Weygand appeared, on the sign given by the directors of sad comedy, the women gathered fell to their knees and kissed the hands of the “winner”. At the same time, 1 of the church dignitaries spoke at the political meeting, branding Piłsudski as “a vile coward and a traitor.”
The news was even distributed that Piłsudski's adjutant on his command understood the Bolsheviks after a wire dragged from Belvedere to the underground council in Saski Square.
The enemies of the open and hidden did what they could and how they could to make his work difficult.
Piłsudski said:
“There was a shadow moving around me. Whether on the battlefield or in quiet work, this shadow pursued and persecuted me. Spitted out, a terrible dwarf on crooked feet, spitting out his dirty soul, spitting out at me from everywhere, snoring nothing to spare: families, relationships, people close to me, following my steps, transforming my thought – this monstrous dwarf crawled behind me, dressed in flags of various colors, it's a stranger, it's his country, shouting phrases, making up any stories – this dwarf was my inseparable companion of pits and misery, happiness and misery, victories and defeats...And spitting it was christened with advanced words, advanced slogans. It was the work of the alleged national – patriotic".
Meanwhile, the shadow ran by him, he was ahead of him, he was falling behind. The hellish harvests of “a vicious dwarf on crooked feet, spitting out his dirty soul” began, and along with it “some incredible stories.” “In almost 5 years,” Piłsudski said, “I had to live in the midst of all sorts of terrible fairy tales, all kinds of legends, all kinds of comic stories that were happening to me.” Why wasn't it told about him?
"The typical of the nation, chosen by all, representing all – steals! A typical betrays the country, he dates an enemy during the war! Chief Chief, the warlord is simply a traitor! Where's the punishment? Is there an effort to remove it? Is there an effort to make him liable for all these crimes? There isn't! It's all about spitting, it's all about the interior feces that the soul must have been full of, if that's what she's got... A monster dwarf, hatched out of the household swamps... Elsewhere in relation to the representatives of the state, even erstwhile they are dishonest, this is hidden, efforts are made to guarantee that there is no stain on the representative, to shine like a shield. Elsewhere the chieftain who has overcome is worshipped, honors and honours meet him, for he saved the state, for he saved everyone from misery. We're different. The chief is to go to the mud and only if he drinks adequate mud will he be worthy of Poland.”
“I respect my story, respect it for myself, respect it for children, respect it for future historians who would besides spit in my face if together with the terrible dwarfs who wanted to lower me, I worked...If Poland got to the repair of the Republic in the first period, then slow from the repair to the old sledges the return began...the large efforts of Poland must be pushed to the repair road...” This historical speech was given by Piłsudski a fewer days after the resolution of the Sejm of June 28, 1923, which read: "Józef Piłsudski as Chief of State and Chief Leader deserved the Nation". With Piłsudski a fewer weeks before May 14, 1923, The Cross of the Grand Order "Virtuti Militari" for the victorious war against the Bolsheviks, was the first authoritative expression of public designation of its merits by the highest authorities of the independent Polish State. The title of the First Marshal of Poland gave Piłsudski delegation of regiments of the full Army after the winning offensive in Kiev. Before Piłsudski he had the title of Marshal, as the highest military dignity, Prince Joseph Poniatowski, who received it from Emperor Napoleon.
Alexander Szumański
Text printed in Warsaw Gazeta 9 November 2012.
Documents, sources, quotations:
"The Voice of Poland" Toronto,
Henryk Cepnik "Józef Piłsudski creator of independent Polish State", Warsaw 1935.
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