The first circular of the 2025 presidential election is behind us. According to exit poll attendance reached 66.8%, which means 1 of the highest electoral interests in Poland's history. Check which regions were most active and where the least citizens voted.
Electoral turnout 2025 – Latest data
The exit poll study, conducted by IPSOS on behalf of TVP, TVN and Polsat News, shows that the first circular of the presidential election took part 66.8% of eligible Poles. This is simply a crucial increase compared to erstwhile elections, which may be a sign of a advanced social commitment.
According to the State Election Commission (PPP), attendance by 17:00 was 50.69%. The final data confirm that Poles participated in the democratic process.
Which provinces voted most actively?
- Mazovia – 54.97% (highest attendance)
- Lesser Poland – 52.89%
- Pomorskie – 52.40%
Regions with the lowest attendance
- Opole – 43.22% (least voters)
- Lubuskie – 46.84%
- Warmia-Masurian – 47.86%
Differences between voivodships show that in any regions civic engagement is clearly lower. Experts point to possible causes, specified as labour migration or little mobilisation of local communities.
What's next? Second circular and forecast
If no of the candidates get more than 50% of the vote, we're gonna have a second circular in 2 weeks. Political analysts are already speculating which environments can make alliances to guarantee triumph for their candidates.
Will attendance in the second circular be even higher? Everything depends on the campaigns and emotions that accompany voters.
In this case, it should be stressed that the presidential elections disagree importantly from the parliamentary elections, both in terms of procedure and legal effects. 1 of the key differences is the deficiency of a presumption of validity of presidential elections, which, unlike parliamentary elections, must be approved by the ultimate Court (Article 129(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland).
In accordance with Article 129(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland:
“The validity of the president of the Republic’s election is stated by the ultimate Court.”
This work is presently being exercised by the Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs of the ultimate Court. In view of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (e.g. Case C-585/18, C-624/18 and C-625/18) and of the European Court of Human Rights (e.g. Case C-585/18), and of the European Court of Human Rights (e.g. Case C-585/18), Reczkowicz p. Poland, complaint No 43447/19), it is indicated that this Chamber does not meet the standards of an independent and impartial court established by the Act. It includes persons appointed with gross violations of the regulation of law and constitutional procedures, including the engagement of a body called "neo-KRS", whose legality has been undermined by many judgments of national and global courts.
Therefore, regardless of the result of the second circular of the presidential election – regardless of whether candidate A or candidate B win – a major legal problem arises. The question of the legality of the body liable for the determination of the validity of the elections may lead to a situation where the ruling of the ultimate Court is not deemed to have been given by a court established in accordance with the law. Consequently, this may prevent the elected president from taking office effectively, as Article 130 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland states that the president shall take office after taking his oath to the National Assembly, which requires prior determination of the validity of the election.
Such a situation could lead to serious constitutional chaos and destabilisation of state bodies. In utmost cases, it can be utilized by policy makers to introduce extraordinary constitutional measures specified as emergency or even martial law (based on Articles 229 to 234 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland), which poses a serious hazard to the legal order and democratic strategy of the state.
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Turnout was given in the alleged presidential election
