"famous Nachtigal and Roland Battalions"

Roland Battalion (German: Battalion Ukrainische Gruppe Roland), officially known as peculiar Group Roland, was a subunit under the command of a unit of peculiar operations of the German military intelligence (Abwehry) Lehrregiment "Brandenburg" z.b.V. 800 in 1941.

The battalion and the Nachtigall Battalion were 2 military units formed by the decision of Abwehra's chief Admiral Wilhelm Franz Canaris of February 25, 1941, who sanctioned the recruitment of the "Ukrainian Legion [uk]" (uk. українських, a.k. "Legions of Ukrainian Nationalists") under German command. The Roland Battalion, formed in mid-April 1941, with 350 soldiers and stationed initially in Ostmark (today Austria), consisted mainly of from volunteers of Ukrainian nationality surviving in occupied Poland and directed to the unit under the orders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (CNS) under Stepan Bandera.

W In November 1941, the Ukrainian staff of the Legion (Nachtigall Battalions and Roland) was reorganized at the Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201. It counted 650 people who had served in the occupied Belarusian Socialist russian Republic (now Belarus) for a year before the solution.

The Polish side claims that members of the Nazi-led Nachtigall Battalion besides participated in massacres of Polish professors, including erstwhile Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Bartl, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński and others, in Lviv in 1941. See the Massacre of Lviv Professors.

Myrosław Czech • Jarosław Kurski

Do not be offended by the words of president Volodymyr Zelenski. Poland is not ready for war. And Charles Nawrocki despairs and wants to get free of those we could learn from.






On Saturday 20 September in Warsaw, a homeless man beat Zenobia Żachek on a bus. Mrs Zenobia dared to reprimand him due to the fact that he cursed and found responsibility in an older passenger, Ukrainian, who spoke Ukrainian. The homeless roared in his native language, that "here is Poland", that Volyn, that the banders and that she has "" from Poland". Mrs Zenobia – for being stuck "in the incorrect place" – got in. His nose was leaking blood. Passengers were deaf and swollen: they had noses in their phones, eyes sticking out the window.

In Wrocław, individual broke the licence plate from the Ukrainian car and wrote with aerosol "On the Front". possibly a Russian agent did, or possibly not, but the comments of Polish netizens are frightening already. On September 5, a group of men barked and beat Ukrainians for national reasons. Only in fresh weeks have there been dozens of specified examples and there is no point in multiplying them further. Poland, year 2025. It's pre-war time.

How small it was adequate for Brown's speech, which talks about the Ukrainianization and flagrantization of Poland, to grow roots. How easy it was to turn Putin's war victims into "Ukrainians," into aliens begging for help, avoiding fighting, grazing not on their own, surviving in luxury. It is worth reading the study by the Bronisław Geremek Foundation on disinformation about refugees from Ukraine in Poland.

President Karol Nawrocki, at the approval of the association, vetoed the 800+ bill for foreigners. Now Ukrainians will gotta pay taxes, have a PESEL number and send their children to school to receive this help. And of course they'll gotta work. And how does a Ukrainian female with 2 small children whose husband fights on the front? Poles do not gotta work to get 800+. Which is allowed for the master... We're at home.

Relapsed signed a fresh aid bill for Ukraine – but for the last time, due to the fact that it would not agree to further support. From next year, Ukrainian war refugees, mainly women, children and older people, must stay in Poland "on general terms". That is, get a residence licence for a limited period or stay in our country for 90 days in six months. For the Polish President, the war is over. Meanwhile, the EU countries extended the right of residence for refugees from Ukraine to 2027.

Experts agree that limiting the right to 800+ will bring you minimum savings. No 1 estimates the losses, but they will be high.

Not only in the social sphere, due to the fact that the anti-migration spiral is starting to grow, but besides in the economical sphere, due to the fact that many so needed in the labour marketplace of Ukrainians will just leave. We have pre-war times, but we thank the war refugees. Now let their countrymen bite on them. Ukraine bleeds out in war, is under constant fire of rockets and drones, indebted to defensive targets. Now even earlier, she will gotta organize social assistance and build temporary housing for war refugees returning from well-fed, Polish sister-in-law. Poland, which will shortly join the G20 – a group of 20 richest countries in the world. Poland, whose sovereignty now rests on the shoulders of the Ukrainian soldier.



"Bandazowanie" and "Rzeź wołyńska", or reconciliation in Polish

Our longstanding regrets are more crucial to us than the current Ukrainian traumas. Meanwhile, the war-torn country continues to exhume victims of cultural cleansing by UPA. It was meant to be a condition and a gateway to reconciliation. But are you sure?

In the 4th year of the war, the Polish Sejm unanimously raised July 11 to the rank of state festival. This is the consequence of Democrats to the radicalisation of social sentiments towards Ukrainians. It is not adequate that we have a National Day of Memory of Poles – victims of genocide committed by the CNS and UPA in the east lands of the Second Republic – it is inactive a state holiday.

No 1 is reasoning in item that Polish citizens killed Polish citizens. erstwhile president Andrzej Duda signed the bill – although it is contrary to the constitution which defines Poles as a community of all citizens, without dividing them into Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Belarusians, Jews or Silesians.

Instead, remember only ethnically Polish victims of the massacre, but not Ukrainian or judaic – although they were besides citizens of the Second Republic. So where is the equality of citizens towards the law? Does this mean that we are expelling national minorities from the brackets of Polishness? Can only an cultural Pole be a Polish citizen, as the midwife of Polish nationalism Roman Dmowski wanted?

Incidentally, Dmowski, like Putin, felt that Ukrainians were not a separate nation, but Rusini or Malorussi, and that cooperation with Russia was essential in this matter.

Where did the Polish counterintelligence go erstwhile Russian influence agents walk around the Sejm like Newski Prospect?

Earlier, under patriotic blackmail from the right, The Sejm unanimously adopted an amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Memory, which introduces 3 years in prison for questioning the crimes of Ukrainian nationalists. The Constitutional Court questioned this wording due to the fact that politicians did not compose precisely who they were talking about. Besides, it is known that Poles are by nature angels, did not kill anyone – and even if they killed Ukrainians, it was only in self-defense. And if anyone thinks otherwise, the D.A. will handle it. Should we so survey the painful Polish-Ukrainian history?

During the election campaign, Nawrotski cynically opened the Volhynia wound. As a condition for Ukraine's accession to NATO and the European Union, he placed exhumations and "debanditisation". We did not hear him change his head after the election, although the exhumations continue. On the contrary, in the last 4 months he has appeared twice in the mecca of the Creatine environments – at the monument of the Wolynsk Crime in Domsław in Podkarpacie.

The 40-tone monument by Andrzej Pityński is as large (20 meters high) as the axe in its transmission. It has the form of an eagle standing in a flame, in which the body is carved into a cross, and in it protruding three-tooth - symbolizing the trident - forks on which the kid is embedded. In the heart there is simply a parent with a kid on her hand in flames, as well as children's heads mounted on cutlery - besides on fire. The eagle wings bear the names of the localities where the UPA murders occurred.

Why do Poles think we are being attacked by Ukrainians?

Relapse speaks about genocide and places the highest plant – 120 1000 Poles, although no technological investigation is behind it. You can discuss numbers. It is the work of historians to identify and calculate the victims, although it will not change the facts. There have been murders made by UPA. Criminal nationalism was and is simply a illness of many nations – including Ukrainians. But there were besides murders on Ukrainian civilian population by Poles. There were forced deportations to the Soviets, action on the Vistula. We have a complex balance of common resentment. And Narzowski doesn't talk about it. Is that the speech of reconciliation? How about a confrontation?

We hear from politicians that Poles have nothing to apologize for, and the phrase "sorry and forgive" is empty words. Although the democratic opposition, Churches, John Paul II, Polish presidents, especially Lech Kaczyński, demanded this.



Sui bono? Who benefits from this?

In a telephone conversation with Donald Trump on 13 August, before the Alaska summit, Nabackinski recalled the 105th anniversary of the Warsaw Battle, or triumph over Bolsheviks. We do not know whether he added that without the heroism of the Sicz soldiers who were covering the rear of the retreating Polish army, this triumph would surely not have taken place. The Poles' prize for Symon Petlura was interning his troops, and later – the Polish-Soviet division of Ukraine at a conference in Riga.

The Endeks agreed with the Soviets. Then the Endeks of the Chjeno-Piast government, not wanting to annoy the Soviets, in gratitude for the cooperation of our nations, forced Petlura to leave Poland. In exile in France, he was killed.

It is excruciating how easy national egoism, megalomania, and, of course, unwarranted a sense of superiority over brotherly people, flourishes today. The net is dominated by Russian disinformation – intoxicating, provocative and inciting. But why is it so effective? Why do so many Poles think that we were attacked by Ukrainian drones and that Ukraine "brings us into war"? Why is the ground for provocation upon which the seed of hatred falls so fertile?

This is the subject of group therapy. The problem is that therapy only makes sense if we agree on the facts about ourselves. And with that, to put it mildly, we're worse. You can even understand. Just as no French historian was able to summarize the issue of Vichy's collaboration with Hitler, and it had to be done for them by American historian Robert Paxton, so no Polish historian touched on Sienkiewicz's end and pysanek.



Poles in the grips of pseudohistory

Only Daniel Beauvois had to do it. However, his opus magnum "Triangle Ukrainian" about the relations prevailing in Volyn, Kiev circuit and Russian Podolu did not penetrate public opinion. besides extensive, besides complicated, besides real a book.

Beauvois, far from Marxist sympathy, spent 25 years in Russian and Ukrainian archives. He describes the relations that prevailed in the estates of the then Polish nobility. They resembled slavery on cotton plantations in Louisiana. The Polish master was a god, and the Russian boy was a cattle; He could have been beaten and even killed. Beauvois writes about hatred between the Polish Catholic court and the Russian Orthodox village. The emergence of religious, class and cultural tensions sometimes led to riots that were bloodyly suppressed. Poland's nobles did not hesitate to call on the aid of the Russian gendarmes to drive "champoo" through whips or even sabres.

"Falling pseudohistory I consider the most urgent task for historians of Central and east Europe. Why would we wear a morbid memory to metaphysics? Fighting national megalomaniacs requires sobriety and reason, not patriotic exaltation," Beauvois said.

The investigator yet formulates the thesis about the Polish colonization of Ukraine – what seems incredible to us Poles. What do you mean? How can a nation that has been oppressed for centuries, which boasts that there are no colonies of its own – due to the fact that it was besides weak, although the Second Republic had large ambitions – to torment another nations? As you can see, she could – even if it was not a conquest of fire and sword, but it was a character of gradual adaptation of the Russian elite to Polishness and denial of Orthodoxy for Catholicism.

In fact, this "sucking" of elites, which besides afraid Belarusians and Lithuanians, led to these countries building their literature, culture, state thought and national identity only in the late 19th century – in opposition to Poland. Especially in Ukraine this fertilized the emergence of a extremist nationalist stream, with all its fatal consequences.

Is this fertile dirt on which the grain of Russian propaganda falls present not derived from our postcolonial supremacy complex? Your superiority? Ukraine is the end. Our "Polish ends".

"Ukrainians must be absorbed". The government was liquidated, the army was sent to pacification

We are talking about Polish society, although of course there is no specified thing as "we". any think so, others think otherwise, but there is no uncertainty that the anti-Ukrainian trend is increasing. The "right" renounced the "poisoned" heritage of Jerzy Giedroyć and Juliusz Mieroszewski and their ULB doctrines (Ukraine-Lithuania-Belarus), i.e. designation of the right of Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians to self-determination. Now we gotta put national egoism and assertiveness towards Kiev. Dmowski's coffin revived, the sanitary spirit of the late 1930s revived.


If the First Republic of Both Nations and Polish landowners did not leave good memories behind during the partitions, then the Second Republic of both Nations did not fix it. Although she could – and even was indebted to the Versatile Council of Ambassadors, who entrusted her with the temporary administration of east Galicia.


• He was to enjoy the same autonomy as established in Silesia.
• In Tarnopolskie, Lviv and Stanislawówskie voivodships there were to be seymiki, divided into 2 stages of curia – Polish and Ukrainian.
• Decisions had to be taken jointly.
• A Ukrainian university was to be established in Lviv.
• Ukrainian was to be an equivalent state language in these 3 provinces.
• The government was to ban land colonization.

The bill, which was to carry out these duties, was never passed. Authorities renamed east Galicia as east Małopolska. alternatively of autonomy, colonization and polonization of all Western Ukraine began, together with Volyn – in the spirit of the concept of Roman Dmowski incorporation.

Ukrainians should be dominated first, then make a number in their country, and yet absorb that minority. fresh villages were created on land divided after agricultural improvement – completely Polish. The land from the game was mainly given to Polish settlers, which ignited neighbourly jealousy and hidden hatred. Repeated pacification actions of the Polish Army, persecution of Ukrainian elites, liquidation of public organizations, self-government and cooperation completed the works.

Let us stay longer in the realities of the Second Republic. We were a sovereign state, lords of our own country, and we ourselves shaped a policy towards minorities. You can't blame anyone here anymore. There were no invaders. This is our responsibility.



I'll fix it first, then Lithuania. An obsession with power - like Mussolini

In 1938 the Second Republic of Both Nations, together with Adolf Hitler, participated in the partition of Czechoslovakia, erstwhile Polish troops occupied Zaolze. Nationalist euphoria prevailed among the people. akin to the 1 that exploded among Italy after Mussolini conquered Ethiopia, as well as among the Germans and Austrians after Anschlussie Austria.

Soon Poland placed an ultimatum of tiny Lithuania. It was then that "the streets of the Polish cities held marches, chanting: «leader, lead us to Kowna! [The horse]", as if in the Polish state coat there is no white eagle, but the goat Matolka" – Jan Józef Lipski wrote.

In the late 1930s, the obsession with Poland as a large power was already well rooted among the sanitary elite. The 2nd Republic of Both Nations was to become the head of the alleged 3rd Europe, which would extend from Finland through the Baltic, Hungary and Romania to the Adriatic and the Black Sea. Nobody thought another countries didn't want it.

Modern props of this operetta repertoire can easy be found in Andrzej Duda's work, which he proudly called the abroad policy of the presidential palace. yet it was taken over by the government of Mateusz Morawiecki. After all, abroad policy as a mimetic imitation of the oms head and compromised rehabilitation did not come out of nowhere. The PiS elites were besides obsessed with large power.

The late prof. Waldemar Paruch was a investigator of political rehabilitation practice. It was not accidental for Morawiecki to become the head of the "brain of the state" – Centre for strategical Analysis. He wrote a monograph "From state consolidation to national consolidation. National minorities in the political thought of the Piłsudczyk camp (1926–1939)". Just as in the time of the end of rehabilitation, so in the Law and Justice the consolidation of the state took place according to the recipe of "division and rule, todate the state and unite with the ultra-right". Paruch knew what he was talking about.

World champions with noses. Zelenski is right not only about drones

Historical analogys can be confusing, but there are ones that cannot be ignored. It's worth a closer look at them - to inform fate.

Comparing "pre-war times", i.e. those immediately preceding the defeat in September 1939, with the present pre-war times of Anna Domini 2025, we can callback any interesting facts:

• The second Rzeczpospolita produced about 100,000 pieces of artillery ammunition per year, and now we produce more than half little – 30-40 1000 per year. Suddenly, that's adequate for a fewer days of warfare.
• The pre-war navy counted 18 comparatively modern units, present the Polish navy has 10 of them – and already most of them obsolete.
• We had 950 1000 soldiers in reserve, now there's a maximum of 550 thousand.

We do not compare aviation, artillery, tanks, armoured vehicles and rocket troops to avoid misleading conclusions given the tremendous technological progress. After all, it is known that in a hurry we are beginning to build an anti-drone defence with the aid of experienced Ukrainians in this area.

There is nothing to be offended by the words of president Volodymyr Zelenski – possibly not very diplomatic, but everyone, but the Minister of Defence and the President, feels that they are someway painfully true. So comparing Ukrainian and Polish air defence systems in an interview with Sky News, Zelenski said: "This is not a message for our Polish friends – they are not at war, so it is clear that they are not ready for specified things. But even if we compare 810 drones that we shot down over 700, and they had 19 drones and shot down four. At the time, they had neither rocket attacks nor ballistics. And, of course, they won't be able to save people if there's a massive attack."

A week later, Zelenski reported that more than 90 Russian drones are heading for Poland, of which 70 were shot down by Ukrainians over their own territory.

There's no request to growl at Zelenski, the ministers and the president, due to the fact that the only thing that hasn't changed since the pre-war days is the nose up. We have no equal in this matter. In 1939 we were "strong, united and ready" and we did not gotta quit a penny. However, erstwhile it came to that, Marshal Chief Edward Rydz-Smigły, although so much believed in the strength of his army, ordered the evacuation of his valuable moveability, furniture, equipment and paintings with a peculiar military convoy to Romania. After the Nazi German attack along with his staff, starting on 10 September, he went to Kut to get his furniture and crossed the border with a state bridge on the Cheremosz River. The military had no communication with the chief chief due to the fact that in haste and chaos the officers of the staff lost their codes and codes of field communication somewhere.

Today we besides honk to the full planet that we have the strongest army in NATO, that we pass the exam, that we spend 5 percent of GDP on defence (um, before the war it was 10 percent) that the Polish pilot would fly on the door from the barn, that we would not quit the Polish land... But what do we know about our army? We know what's been tested. And our army was not tested—and even if there was no need.

Revision and polonization by smoking churches

Let us take a closer look at the pre-war times, the mentality of that time – especially in 1 aspect: relations with Ukrainians. Sources come from the collection of fresh Acts Archives in Warsaw, the Central Military Archive in Rembertów and the archive in Lviv.

What was the Polish government and its field administration doing on the eve of the war, what were generals and colonels doing? In 1939, the Ukrainian issue did not seem as crucial to the safety of the country as today. However, any attack on the Ukrainian number was a favour to the Soviets, whose propaganda falsely claimed that the September 17 invasion was allegedly intended to defend persecuted Ukrainians and Belarusians. Repeated pacifications of Ukrainian villages carried out by the Polish army have already been mentioned, arrests of intellectuals and public people. But in 1938 a fresh dynamics began: from May to July on the site Chołmszczyzny and confederate Podlasie Polish authorities destroyed or burned 127 churches, chapels and houses of prayer – including many architectural monuments. A group of workers were coming to the village under police or military protection – and the case was usually over in a fewer weeks. The rebellious faithful were beaten and tried. They destroyed icons, robbed monuments of spiritual culture, smeared iconostasis. any sanctuaries were converted into Roman Catholic churches. All of this took place as part of a revision and polonization action.

"Revolution" – due to the fact that they insisted that the majority of the population were most likely a ruined childhood and the Polish Zagorodów nobility, which would return to the arms of the homeland with a small encouragement.

"Polonization" – that doesn't request to be explained. The Polish state was to be ethnically homogeneous according to the Endek model: Pole was a Catholic. These "Poles" who "return to their mother" or Catholicism, the government promised the land.

After the Rusini/Ukrainian churches were destroyed, they were forced to go to church services to Roman Catholic churches. The church shrouded its hands due to the fact that the police and the military helped convert the infidels. Priests did mass conversions without unnecessary ceremonies. There were more Poles, less churches.

The 1938-1939 Polishization run continued in full swing in all east provinces. In January 1939, instructions were recommended for the command of the 6th Polish Army Corps in Lviv concerning the "strengthening of Polishness" in Tarnopolskie Voivodeship, ending the action by the end of 1941, in order to make it before the fresh census. It was ordered "to break Ukrainian panic at all costs, which will rage against activists and converts [Poles]. It was proposed to increase the number of State Police posters, to introduce collective responsibility, etc."


"To the non-Polish population – only in Polish". Who does Przemysław Czarnek look like?

Only 1 high-ranking authoritative of the Second Republic – a friend of Józef Piłsudski, voivode volyński Henryk Józewski – conducted a policy of dialog with local Ukrainians and was betting on their state assimilation. However, following the death of the marshal, the position of Nowyewski in Volyn began to weaken. His opponents accused him of "advocating the Ukrainians besides much". He himself resigned in protest of the demolition of churches. It is believed that the "Volyński experiment" of Nowyewski, which is simply a complete other of the pacification policy of sanitary colonels, was 1 of the most consistent and comprehensive attempts to solve the Ukrainian issue in the Second Republic.

After the departure of Nowyewski, a five-year plan of the "polonization action of Volyn and the territory of Chołski was published. It predicted that by 1944 Poles would become a majority in Volyn, where in 1939 Ukrainians constituted about 70 percent of the population, there would be "Polish bastions" and, what is peculiarly insincere, a regional version of Ukrainian national identity, different from the identity of Ukrainians from east Galicia.

However, the results of the action consistently deviated from expectations. Only 10 percent of Orthodox people in the Chołm region were persuaded to change religion. Meanwhile, the army hoped to convert as many as 350,000 people in Volyn, Chełmszczyń and Podlasie. The fresh directives so ordered the cleaning of administration from non-Polish people.

The head of the Lublin audit action, Colonel Marian Turkowski stressed on 24 January 1939 that "in Poland only Poles are masters, full citizens and only they have the right to vote. Everyone else is only tolerated."

In directives he pointed out: "Create among the masses a complex of superiority in relation to the non-Polish population. Polish language should be a manifestation of both cultural and civic superiority. Polish people must only talk Polish. And in no case can a public or local worker talk a language another than Polish".

On 23 February 1939, representatives of government, military and field administration in the Lublin Provincial Office consulted on how to solve the problem of "Ukrainianism". The Lublin Voivodeship Jerzy Albin de Tramecourt postulated a programme of siege of the Polish suburban nobility. He said that we must "break the historically established aggregates of Ukrainians!". The full Lublin and Cholm were to become completely free from Orthodox and Ukrainians.

Hitler and Stalin did not let this plan to be implemented. In Ukrainian phobia, the state de Tramecourt only matched its worthy successor – Przemysław Czarnek. Just follow his actions and statements about the Ukrainians during the period erstwhile he was the politician of Lublin. After the war began, the situation calmed down, but only a little. So the question comes back like a mantra: Cui bono? Who benefited?

In March and April 1939 the "mass stage" of the recovery-polonisation action began. Lieutenant-Colonel Stanisław Sosabowski – yes, the same celebrated commander of the 1st Paradote Brigade during planet War II – was its coordinator in the south-eastern Lublin until March 1939.

In the memorandum to the authorities, he encouraged that after taking Zaolza "follow the inertia". He wrote that "there are conditions for almost complete rewinding of alleged minorities of this area" and that it is essential to "force and consistency".

He warned against "indecisiveness that causes erratic harm to action" and recalled that the last thing is "the mass transition to the Roman Catholic religion, which in this territory is identified with nationality".

In 1939 conversions gained mass momentum – the mentioned Colonel Turkowski reported that from 24 March to 2 April "returned" to Catholicism of 8,000 Orthodox.

These events occurred 5 months after the German aggression and another 17 days after the russian invasion. After all, the leading reconstruction of Poland found no better activity than "revitalization" and polonization of Ukrainians in Lemkowszczyz, Chołmszczyz, east Galicia and Volyn. The last days were aimed at "solving the problem of Ukrainianism" and getting free of the "Jewish question" at all costs, due to the fact that both themes rhymed in the politics of the sanitary camp.

It is worth reminding that in the September campaign, 125,000 soldiers of Ukrainian nationality fought in Polish uniforms, of which 8-9 1000 died for Poland.


Neither Ukrainians nor Jews. manufacture and trade must be Polish

The death of Marshal Józef Piłsudski on 12 May 1935 coincided with the end of the economical recession, budget sustainability and the receipt of an arms debt from France (1936). Under the leadership of the fresh marshal Edward Reeds-Smigloy, a bold plan was developed to grow the defence manufacture and upgrade the army.

At the turn of February and March 1936, Deputy Prime Minister and Treasury Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski presented the state's four-year economical improvement plan. It active in peculiar the concentration of arms production between Vistula and Sjan with the support of the Bug. The Central Industrial territory (CPO) consisted of 35 districts from Lviv and Lublin Voivodeships and the Chołmsk region.

Ambitious military plans were accompanied by the intention of deep social change, enshrined in the program of "totalization" of social life. Government "Gazeta Polska" wrote that totalizm is: concentration of state power; planned economy; monolithic organization of the nation [ethnic Poles only]. Sounds familiar.

The rehabilitation authorities sought to destruct not only Ukrainians. The directives of the territory command in Lublin stated directly: "It should be remembered that anti-Semitism, which is manifested in economical boycotts and the removal of Jews from commercial and industrial establishments, can only have affirmative effects on the country if abandoned places are taken by Poles able to carry them out. The liberation of judaic institutions for another minorities should be considered harmful". So the footballers ended up as executioners of the ultra-right program.

The "Social and economical Week" of 29 January 1936 released a programme material entitled "CPO should be Polish". It reads: "A NEW, peculiar kind OF PERSONS is formed in the Central Industrial District. This phenomenon was emphasized in his speech in the Sejm by Deputy Prime Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski.

It was concluded that "only a Pole can work in CPE – and not a Pole in a formal sense, but 1 who belongs to Poles, who is the only 1 who gives a full warrant of appropriate care for its development".



Two solutions were envisaged:

1. "statutory ban on settling a non-Polish component in the CPE area",

2. "Legal order on the resettlement of a non-Polish component from the territory of KPCh [Ukrainians and Jews] to another regions of Poland if its full emigration from the country cannot yet be carried out".

The sanitary authorities primarily meant Jews who prevailed in craftsmanship, commerce and urban property and did not fall within the concept of "a fresh kind of man – a Polish pioneer". However, despite the efforts of the abroad minister Józef Becka Poland was incapable to gain overseas colonies in order to massively resettle the judaic population there, so it resorted to the thought of "internal deportation".

Brave attack of suburban nobility on nationalist Bolesław Piasecki

The mentioned suburban nobility was to become a foothold of Polishness in Galicia and Volyn, which is why in February 1938, the Union of the Podmese nobility was created at a convention under the patronage of the Catholic army and clergy in Przemyśl. The president was the Dean of Fr Antoni Miodziński, the honorary patronage was given to Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmiglij, and the work of the Union was directed by General Janusz Gluczowski, Deputy Minister of Military Affairs. In early 1939, structures were besides created in Volyn and Popolesiu.

In large power and colonial blindness the thought of Polishization of Russian lands was born by showing their superiority over Russians. We lachi, we are noble, we are gentlemen, we are Latin Catholics, we bring you Western civilization.


Who was expected to handle this?

In the past of the Second Republic, the cooperation of the United Sanitary Camp with the chauvinist and totalitarian National-Radical Movement "Falanga" is mentioned shyly. Formally, it was only expected to be an episode, and the collaboration allegedly ended in January 1938 erstwhile Colonel Adam Kotz was removed from the organization's leadership.

In the meantime, as prof. Szymon Rudnicki wrote in the monograph "Falanga. National-Radical Movement", in late 1938 the authorities asked Bolesław Piasecki, the leader of Falanga, to delegate their people to the leadership of the Suburban Noble Union.

The proposal was accepted. The Falangists entered the governing bodies of the Union and edited his letter "Awake". Piasecki proclaimed: "The large Poland in our imagination is simply a Nation and a State with specified a powerful organized will that it will not only be able to liberate the Republic of Both Nations from more than 4 million Jews, it will not only halt the Ukrainianization of the four-and-a-half million people of Kresów, but will above all make Poland capable of fulfilling its historical mission".

Olgierd Szpakowski wrote in the weekly "Falanga" that in Małopolska "the war lasts", and "Polishity must go from defence to offensive". So far, as they say, about 200,000 souls have been "cleared of charges", and the goal is to rewind another 700,000. The exit saw in "Polish revolutionary nationalism", whose task was to change the slogan "Lachy for Sjan" to the policy "Ukrainians – behind Bug, behind Hearing, over Dnieprem".

Szpakowski was right: On the eve of the war with Germany and russian Russia, the Second Republic waged war with its own citizens – Ukrainians.

The mentality of the then army well reflects the statements of Gen. Gustav Paszkiewicz, a Polish polonizer, commander of the 12th Infantry Division stationed in Tarnopol: "The territory, natural resources and border with friendly Romania make Małopolska East 1 of the key elements of Poland's power. Today, the importance of these areas as the first plan of the Central Industrial territory is expanding many times. If we consider that they lead us the shortest way to the Black Sea and the Balkans, we cannot deny them 1 of the leading roles in the overall issue of state power.


Andrzej Duda, a worthy successor to General Paszkiewicz, besides dreamed of Międzymorz under the Polish flag, spear and Husar wing. Of course, you can quit antihistory, but you inactive want to shout, "Doctor! Doctor!"



Podkarpackie Russian. "These soldiers of Sicha must be shot"

An episode in Poland, which was the emergence of Zakarpacka Rusi in 1938, is not known. It did not be long: between the Munich Agreement (30 September 1938, as a consequence of which Germany occupied Sudetes, Hungary – confederate Slovakia, and Poland – Zaolze) and the complete annexation of Czechoslovakia by Hitler on 15 March 1939. Hungary then completely occupied the Transcarpathian Ukraine.

The rehabilitation authorities are panicking. They realized that Poland, Hitler's next goal, could be. Fear disappeared after signing a military alliance with Britain on 31 March and receiving the guarantees of independency of the Second Republic from it. Kwiatkowski's planners are back to work. Now the 15-year plan provided for large investments aimed at "poloniuming cities" – i.e., speaking anti-Semites, "anti-Semites". Ukrainian problem was planned to be solved much earlier.

However, there was an urgent current problem. Ukrainians – Polish citizens – returned to Poland from the Zakarpackie Rusi occupied by Hungary. They were mainly members of the paramilitary formation, the alleged Sicza, who had previously voluntarily left for Zakarpacka Rus to support the fresh state. Now they had to run. They wanted to get home, to the territory of the Second Republic.

General Wenceslaw Stachevicz, Head of the General Staff of the Polish Army, informed the commanders of the order of Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigł to shoot members of Sicza Zakarpacka who will effort to scope Poland: "These Sicza soldiers – reported – must be shot. And if they surrender, disarm and intern immediately. Another thing is, the marshal wouldn't want them entering our territory at all, even if they were interned. But Mr. Marshal's primary nonsubjective is not to burden ourselves with all the sound he wants to get us out of there.

The latest historical investigation confirmed that the Polish Army followed the order of the marshal. On 3 Carpathian passes there were executions of citizens of the Second Republic from broken troops of the Karpacka Sicza who wanted to return home. Ukrainian historian Alexander Pahiria determined that over 40 Sicz soldiers were killed during 1 execution at the Wirecka Pass (Tucholska Pass). He estimated that over 120 people died in 3 passages.

It was a crime— Even so,That later any of the Sicz soldiers who remained in Hungary formed the Ukrainian Legion, acting under the auspices of Abwehr, took part in the September run on the side of the Germans, and in 1941. The celebrated Nachtigal and Roland battalions were formed on its basis.

"UN liquidation" and Ukrainian nationalism besides began: by mid-September 4-5 1000 people were imprisoned in prisons and camp in Bereza Kartuzka.

One of the biggest mysteries of the Second Republic was the full unawareness of the threat from the USSR and the anticipation of its alliance with the 3rd Reich – even after 23 August, erstwhile Moscow and Berlin agreed on the division of Poland. During the analysis of the causes of the September defeat, military intelligence blamed Beck's Ministry of abroad Affairs for it, and diplomats blamed the staff of the II Department of General Staff – that is, intelligence and counterintelligence.

Undoubtedly the possibilities of Polish intelligence were severely limited due to the breakdown of spy networks in the late 1920s and 1930s and the extermination of the Polish population during the alleged "Polish NKVD operation" between 1937 and 1938. Even worse – again painful analogy – that russian agents acted at the highest levels of power in the Second Republic. Tadeusz Kobylański, Beck's closest associate, Head of the east and Political Department of the Ministry of abroad Affairs, worked in the USSR. In specified a situation, the anticipation of russian disinformation and influence on Polish politics was enormous.

And yet in August 1938 Stalin dissolved the Communist organization of Poland, as well as the Communist organization of Western Ukraine and the Communist organization of Western Belarus. This decision is unprecedented due to the fact that Stalin has never dissolved any another Communist party. In the Second Republic this was assessed as another manifestation of the weakness of the USSR. Another conviction was made by Władysław Gomulka, his biographer Andrzej Werblian and then associate of the Communist organization of Ukraine Ozijas Schechter, reasoning it was preparation for the Soviet-German alliance. By removing the checkpoint, Stalin signaled that it was possible to return to the Rapallo line, that is the alliance between Moscow and Berlin with désintéressement (no interest) the destiny of Poland and Poles. Polish interview and think tank did not realize it.

From a business point of view, Stalin's anti-Ukrainian and anti-Jewish actions of the Rydz-Śmigłoj squad were an perfect scenario. The USSR could present its participation in the Second Division of the Republic of Both Nations as "help to Ukrainian brothers and Belarusians oppressed by the Polish nobility". This was the main line of russian propaganda after September 17.

A Dangerous Game by president of the Republic of Narvative

Ukraine is in a state of dense war on a full scale with Russia. Russia has been moving a hybrid war against us for a long time: sabotage, arson, cyber attacks, GPS jamming, mass misinformation, propaganda, migration attacks on the east border, provocations, fear sowing, airspace violations, conventional espionage, and late drone attacks.



Lessons from this communicative come to light.

Every time Poland collaborated with Ukraine, we won and Russia lost. And all time in our country he won the superior gene, the dominance gene, lost Ukraine, lost Poland, won Russia. It can't be any easier to say, and you can't not understand.

Karol Nawrocki has just filed a bill in the Sejm prohibiting the propaganda of "banderism". There are so many another rights that are truly needed – but, according to Nabackinski, Poles cannot do without it. It's like drawing the most painful and most contradictory maps of past is the highest national priority. Of course it is – but for Moscow.

Relapsed started the " diplomatic offensive", but did not go to Kiev. And he will not leave soon, judging by his consistently hostile policy towards Ukraine. Let us remind that already in July Ukrainians signaled: in Russian drones that were shot down over Ukraine, Polish and Lithuanian SIM cards were installed. This indicated that they were to go to Poland and Lithuania.

Meanwhile, experts from the European survey squad "Res Futura" warned that in September the Russians would give Poland a powerful blow of misinformation. Indeed, the Russian drone raid on September 9 and 10 was accompanied by an highly powerful attack on the network. Deputy Prime Minister Krzysztof Gawkowski informed about this.

The point is to get Poles in the head that drones were Ukrainian, that "Ukraine draws us into war", that "NATO can do nothing", and Belarus and Russia are mostly "friendly states".

The replacement of Donald Tusk by Karol Nawrock during an online conversation between European leaders and Donald Trump after his gathering with Putin in Alaska was an act to the detriment of the state, due to the fact that on 18-20 August, erstwhile the key talks for Ukraine, Europe and NATO were held there, there were no Polish representatives in Washington.

Although Poland's absence in Washington can inactive be considered a coincidence, the anti-Ukrainian opening, and thus the pro-Russian actions of Nakrotsky, are no longer.

The veto of the Ukrainian Aid Act fueled the anti-Ukrainian moods, creating an perfect background for Putin's actions towards Poland. The presidential palace did not draw conclusions from this and intends to proceed this terrible course.



There was already 1 uncompromising president

In 1939 Prof. Stanisław Pigony from the Jagiellonian University, connected with the Ludowowice movement, was among the professors who went to president Ignacy Mościcki. They explained to him that the situation is extraordinary, war is almost inevitable. We request a government of national unity, agreements with opposition, gestures towards migrants – Vitos and Corfante.

Muscicki rejected any compromises. Then, before the threat of war with Hitler, he declared that "Joseph Piłsudski's camp would not renounce work for Poland".

How prudent and farsighted was Ignacy Mościcki, who did not renounce Swiss citizenship. A fewer months later, he left the country and moved to neutral Switzerland.

It is 1938 in Poland. But September '39 can't happen again. There is no fatalism of past – there is only a communicative of stupidity in Poland. Let's not add another chapter to it.





Jarosław Kurski and Mirosław Czech:

Voter.pl/magazine/7,124059,32292509,for-President-Navrotsky-war-in-Ukrainian-juz-sie-end.html

Gazeta Wyborcza, 8.10.2025

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtigall_Battalion

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Battalion