WERSZAW BITHUANIA
On August 25, 2014, we will celebrate the 94th anniversary of the winning Warsaw conflict – Miracle on the Vistula River, which was fought on August 12-25, 1920 during the Polish-Bolshevik War, considered the 18th in the list of groundbreaking battles in planet history.
Józef Piłsudski was the first Marshal of Poland.
The decisive conflict of this war decided to keep independency by Poland and not spread the communist revolution to Western Europe.
A key function was played by the maneuver of the Polish Army flanking the Red Army carried out by Józef Piłsudski, which was carried out from above the Pork on 16 August, while at the same time linking the main Bolshevik forces in the prefields of Warsaw.
Soviet armies The ultimate Command of the Polish Army opposed forces grouped in six armies and formations guarding the Vistula from Toruń to Wyszogrod (20th Infantry Division – the erstwhile 2nd Lithuanian-Belarusian Division) as well as spare and volunteer battalions.
Polish forces were divided into 3 fronts:
1.North Front under the Leader General Józef Haller in the Constituency:
– 5th Army of General Władysław Sikorski defending an episode north of Warsaw on the run of the Wkry River,
– 1st Army of General Francis Latinic defending the frontman of Warsaw from Zegrz to Karczev,
– The 2nd Army of General Bolesław Roja defended the crossings on the Vistula River on the western side from Karczev to Dęblin.
2.INDICAL FRIT PROVIDED BY THE EDWARD OF THE GERMAN SMIDER IN THE SCHEME:
– The 4th Army commanded by General Leonard Skierski concentrated in the area of Dęblin – Kock,
– The 3rd Army of General Zygmunt Zieliński was developed from Kock eastward to Brodów.
3. SOUTH FRONT UNDER GENERAL VACLAW AND VASZKIWICZ (SAIDED THE ROMANIA BORDERS TO THE ROMANIA BORDER)
– 6th Army of General Władysław Jędrzejewski,
– Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic of Ukraine Gen. Mikhail Omelianovich – Pawlenka.
The Polish side had 29 infantry divisions at its disposal, including 1 volunteer and 1 Ukrainian and 3 cavalry divisions.
In fresh days of counter-measures in defence battles in the forefields Warsaw was created in the river area Swine 2 strike groups personally subject to march. Joseph Piłsudski.
They included 3 divisions from the 4th Army:
– The 4th General Daniel Konarzewski Infantry Division,
– the 16th Infantry Division of Colonel Alexander Ladosia,
– 21st Mountain Infantry Division of General Andrzej Galica.
and 2 divisions from the 3rd Army:
– 1st Legion Infantry Division Colonel Stefan Dąb-Biernacki,
– 3rd Legion Infantry Division of General Leon Berbecki
– 4th Cavalry Brigade Colonel Felix Jaworski.
The first strike group centered in the area of Dęblin, With this group (at the 4th Division of General Daniel Konarzewski) he placed his command post himself Marshal. Next door, at the 16th Division, General Leonard Skierski.
General Edward Rydz-Gmigły stood at the 1st Legion Infantry Division. The top-level commanders were at the divisions primarily to rise the morale of the troops, to establish religion in the success of the operation.
The Red Army, the commander-in-chief of which was Sergei Kamienev, was attacking forces grouped into 2 operational unions:
1. Western Front Mikhail Tuchachevsky
– 3rd Cavalry Corps of Gaika Bżyszkjana-Gaja,
– 4th Army of Evgeny Sergeyev (since 1 August Dmitri Shuwaiev),
August Cork's 15th Army.
– The 3rd Vladimir Lazarus Army,
– 16th Army of Nikolai Solohub,
The Moscow Tichona Wesin Group.
2. The South West Front of Alexander Egorov
– 14th Molkochanov Army,
– 1st Budionny's Horse Army,
The Volcano Army.
The troops of both fronts were initially separated by a immense complex of field swamps and interacted very loosely. As they progressed, the operational gap at the center of the group, filled only with weak formations, expanded further.
This was against the command of the Chief Command of the Red Army of 3 and 11.
August, ordering the transfer of crucial forces of the South-West Front (Horse Army of Budionny and the 12th Woskanow Army) from the Lesser Poland and Volynian war area to the Warsaw direction.
The right wing of Tuchaczewski's troops (4th Sergeyev's Army (Shuwajeva) and the Gaja Corps) was given the task of mastering the area of Grudziądz and Toruń and forging Vistula in the section from Dobrzyn to Włocławek. The Vistula Fortress command (between Płock and Wyszogrod) besides received the 15th Army of Cork.
The Tuchachevsky Force Center was directed at Modlin (3 Lazariewicz Army) and Warsaw (16 Sollohub Army).
The cover of the left wing of the 16th Army was entrusted to the mossic group Timothy Chwiesin, approaching from Włodawa on the Vistula River north of Dęblin.
The main forces of the South West Front were located on the Strypa River (14 Molkochanov Army) and under the Brodami (Budionny Horse Army) and were pushing for the Lviv, and the 12 Woscanov Army forstood Bug south of Włodawa.
Thus, most of the forces of the Western Front were moving north-westwards – north of Warsaw, and much of the forces of the South-West Front towards south-west – to Lviv.
On the night of 5 to 6 August 1920, in Belvedere, a general concept of the conflict was developed. In the reflections, the thought was returned to the head of the full Polish military leadership since the end of July. Part of the force was intended to halt the Russian strike before Warsaw, and on the right wing to recreate the operational detachments and hit them on the confederate flank of the opponent.
On 6 August in the morning, Marshal Józef Piłsudski yet chose the area of concentration of troops to counterattack. Unlike the concept of Chief of the General Staff, Tadeusz Rozwadowski and the typical of the French military mission of General Maxim Weygand (they preferred close Warsaw areas of concentration and shallowness, a little risky flanking manoeuvre with the anticipation of deepening their defence towards the capital), Marshal has decided to decision the strike squad south beyond the river line. Pig and execute a deep maneuver not only on the wings of the Russian West Front, but besides on its rear.
On 6 August afternoon, an order was issued No. 8358/III, which activated the implementation of the operation plan.
On 12 August, Józef Piłsudski left Warsaw and went to the Main office in Puławy. Before leaving, he resigned to the hands of Prime Minister Witos as Chief of State and Chief Commander. In his letter to the Prime Minister, he pointed out that in his opinion, since the peace talks with the Bolsheviks did not give anything, Poland must number on the aid of the Ententa countries, and these depend on the departure of the Marshal. Witos, however, did not resign.
BITTERS
Three complexes of events were clearly outlined:
1. fight at the Warsaw suburb,
2. combat over the Wreck,
3rd manoeuvre from above the Pig.
On 13 August, on the first day of the battle, 2 russian tactical unions, 1 division from the 3rd Lazarevich Army, and 1 from the 16th Sollohub Army, were attacked violently. They reached Warsaw from the north-eastern direction. 2 Russian divisions, which had more than 600 kilometres of march in their legs, struck at Radzymin, broke the defence of the 11th Division of Colonel Bolesław Jaźwiński and captured Radzymin. Then 1 of them went to Prague, and the another turned right—to the Nieporęt and Jabłonna.
A dramatic fight began at Radzymin, which in Polish legend is sometimes mistakenly regarded as “Warsaw Battle”.
This failure prompted the commander of the Polish North Front to make available to the 5th Army of General Sikorski from the Modlin area earlier to relieve 1st Army covering Warsaw.
On the following day, it is August 14, fierce fighting has already taken place along the east and south-eastern fortifications of the Warsaw suburbs – on a section from the Bązowa to the Radzymin area. Polish forces have resisted hard everywhere and the Russian troops have not achieved major successes.
On 15 August, the concentric attack of the Polish detachment (10th Division of General Żeligowski and 1st Division of Lithuanian-Belarusian General Jan Rądkowski), after all-day fierce fighting, was a large success. Radzymin was recovered and Polish troops returned to positions lost 2 days ago.
On 16 August, strong fighting continued on the front lines of Warsaw, but the situation of Polish troops was partially improved.
In the area of the Prayer, the first action did not give a clear answer.
The 5th Army of General Sikorski, who at the command of the commander went on 14 August to advance towards Nasielsk, made progress. However, they were successes of local importance.
It was not until 2 days later, August 16, that the concentric attack of the Sikorsky army, brought out of the southeastern forts of Modlin and from above the Wkry, led to Nasielsk's mastery. It gave the chance to proceed successful actions on Serock and the Regiment.
On the left wing of the Polish front, the situation was not successful. The 4th Army of Shuwajev and 3rd Cavalry Corps of Gaia, were pushing for Płock, Włocławek and Brodnica, and in the area of Nieszawa the Vistula was already started.
Under the influence of the fearsome news that came from the area of Warsaw and Włocławka and Brodnica, the chief commander of the Polish Army decided to start a maneuver to tackle from above the lower Pork.
On 16 August 1920, a controversy began. Squadrons of the strike group, with a immense advantage over the weak russian Mozir group, moved the wide front to scope the Warsaw-Brześć road on the second day of the attack. This year, the russian troops outside Warsaw were going to the rear. The right wing of the attack covered 3 Legion Infantry Division marching on Włodawa and Brest.
Under Warsaw, russian troops were bound by a vigorous twist of forces of the Polish foreman, supported by tanks and attacking Minsk Mazowiecki. advancement already made on the first day of the attack was significant.
3 The Legion Infantry Division occupied Vladova. The 1st Legion Infantry Division, the Wisznice-Wohyń section, and the 21st Mountain Infantry Division, as well as the Wielkopolska divisions 14 and 16 reached the Wilga River, occupied Garwolin and brought out patrols close Wiązowna. The 2nd Legion Infantry Division, thrown from the west bank of the Vistula River, took over the function of the strike team's detachment.
On 17 August, Polish forces reached the Biała Podlaska-Międzyrzec-Siedlce-Kałszyn-Minsk Mazowiecki line.
At the same time, the remainder of the Polish troops went to a counteroffensive over the full dimension of the front. The 5th Army from the Wkry Mountains hit (XV and III) the Bolshevik armies.
As a consequence of the aforementioned deficiency of communication with command and fatigue of soldiers, the majority of russian troops went to uncoordinated retreat. Part of russian forces, the 3rd Cavalry Corps of Gaj-Chan (two divisions) and parts of the 4th and 15th armies (6 divisions) incapable to break east on 24 August 1920 crossed the German border and was interned in East Prussia territory.
According to papers found in fresh years and released in August 2005, the Central Military Archive already in September 1919 the Red Army codes were broken by Lieutenant Jan Kowalski.
Thus, the Polish counteroffensive maneuver went well thanks, among another things, to the cognition of plans and orders of the Russian side and the ability to usage this cognition by the Polish command.
As Mieczysław Ścieżyński wrote about the work of the Polish radio – an interview during the conflict – "The enemy himself informed precisely our command of his moral and material condition, of his many states and losses, of his movements, of his victories and his defeats, of his intentions and orders, of the location of his command and dislocation areas of his divisions, brigades and regiments."
One of the most crucial successes of the Polish intelligence during the Warsaw conflict period was the interception and decryption of the 16th Army Command RadioDepes on 13 August concerning the seizure of Warsaw:
‘From the 16th Army staff to the divisional headquarters. 13 VIII 1920. Operational order to the 16th Army troops.
The armies of the western front after the fighting occupied Milwa – Ciechanów – Pułtusk – Wyszków. The 21st division was ordered on 13 VIII to strike an enemy operating other the right wing of our army from the Zegra – Załubice line, towards Prague.
I order the divisions to proceed the offensive and take over the following areas on the evening of 14 VIII 1920: 27th Division – Łajsk – Jabłońska Station – Nieporęt; 2nd Division – Radzymin – Stanisławów – Pustelnik – (only) – Helenów; 17th Division – Hermit – Marki – Turów – Wołomin; 10th Division – Wetcrołok – Wawer – Jarosław – Okuniev; 8th Division – Karczev – Osieck – Kołbiel.
Divisional reconnaissance should scope the Vistula River by then, within the limits of the divisional sections set out in my first point of Directive No 505.
The commander of the 27th Division is expected to interact with the 21st Division on its impact on Prague.
The commander of the 10th Division is to have in plain sight that, depending on the circumstances, his division may have a major direction in Prague in order to cross the Vistula River within the limits of Warsaw, which requires the concentration of 1 brigade in the Okuniev area.
Please study immediately on receipt of this.’
— Commander of the 16th Army, Solohub, associate of the Revolutionary Council, Piatakov, Chief of Staff of the Army, Batorskij., in: L. Żeligowski, “War in 1920. Memories and Reflections”, Warsaw 1990, pp. 82-83.
The success of an operation plan to execute specified a deep maneuver depends mostly on keeping its content in a deep secret.
On 13 August, the Chief Command of the Red Army won a plan of Polish actions under Brest. The commander of the Stefan Batory Volunteer Regiment – Major Wacław Drojowski – died there. A mapboard was found on him, and there was a combat order with a map.
However, the Russians concluded that this is simply a Polish hoax, which is expected to force them to shield the left wing of the impact group and thus halt the attack on Warsaw.
One of the most crucial episodes of the Warsaw conflict was the capture of 203 calibers. The Ulan Regiment of the 4th russian Army in Ciechanów on 15 August, and together with him – the law firm of the army, warehouses and 1 of the 2 radio stations, serving the Russians to communicate with the Minsk command. Poles knew that at that time the second of the radio station was switched off due to the fact that it was moving elsewhere.
During this time, the commander of Mikhail Tuchaczewski's front gave the 4th Army an order to turn south-east and strike on the army of General Władysław Sikorski, who fought under Nasielsk.
The fast and effective decoding of this order by Poles allowed the situation to be analysed and led to a fast decision to redesign the Warsaw transmitter to the frequency of the russian radio station and to begin effective jamming of far-reaching transmitters from Minsk, so the second of the russian radio stations, which the 4th Army had, after it was launched in a fresh location, was inactive incapable to take Tuchaczewski's orders.
Warsaw, on the same frequency, broadcast the texts of the Holy Scriptures continuously for 2 days – the only sufficiently comprehensive texts which ad hoc managed to lead the Citadel, where the Polish transmitter was located, to give radiotelegraphists for continuous broadcasting.
It should be noted that the anticipation of giving false orders to the erring russian troops in Pomerania was besides considered, but the thought was abandoned without wanting to exposure itself to a breach of russian codes.
A selection of the 4th Army having lost its staff and communication with the front commander has lost coordination. Having not received orders from Minsk (in particular, not being able to hear them) changing the direction of its operation, this army, with its six divisions, continued along the line designated by the late received orders, which drove it to the present east part of Toruń (later any military historians ironized that the army was fighting not Poland at the time, but the Versailles Treaty). In this way, she was eliminated from the conflict of Warsaw.
As a consequence of the Warszawski conflict (and the following German battle) On October 15, Polish and russian delegations concluded a ceasefire in Riga, and in March 1921 a peace treaty was concluded on its basis, which, until the USSR's aggression on Poland on September 17, 1939, over the years 20 regulated Polish-Soviet relations and marked the Polish east border.
The losses of the Polish side were: about 4,500 killed, 22 1000 wounded and 10 1000 missing. The harm to the Soviets is unknown. It is assumed that about 25 1000 Bolsheviks were killed or severely injured, 60 1000 were imprisoned in Poland and 45 1000 were interned by the Germans.
For the defeat of Russian troops in the conflict of Warsaw, Tuchaszewski charged Józef Stalin. He claimed that the Kamieniev Directive, concerning the transfer from the South West Front of the 1st Horse Army and 12th Army under his orders was just blocked by Stalin.
Others claimed (Shaposhnikov, Budionny, Tuleniev, Golikov, Timoshenko, Voroshylov) that the real work falls on Tuchaczewski, who misorganized the operation to conquer Warsaw.
It is notable that all of the above officers survived 1937, served advanced degrees and lived to long years. Those who pointed out that Stalin was guilty ended their lives with Marshal Tuchaczewski in 1937 as part of the alleged large purge.
In 1920, in Poland, however, the dispute over the authorship of the Warsaw conflict Plan and the name of the winner grew. Marshal Józef Piłsudski considered himself a designer of the Warsaw victory.
On operational orders from 12 to 16 August, the signature of Gen. Rozwadowski appears, which is considered by any historians to be the main architect of triumph over Bolsheviks.
In addition, there is controversy about the fact that Józef Piłsudski resigned on August 12 from the positions held on the hands of Prime Minister Witos and went to Bobov's property to his daughters and future wife Alexandra.
In addition, the opposition even more complicated the situation, bringing out many candidates, alongside Rozwadowski, among others Haller, Weygand or Sikorski.
Most of the Marshal's opponents ignore that Józef Piłsudski resigned to Witos from the office of Chief Leader, provided that it is announced if the offensive from the Pigs ends with a defeat.
In this document, Marshal Józef Piłsudski confirmed his willingness to take full work for a risky maneuver.
Today it is surely possible to confirm the genius of Marshal Józef Piłsudski in the conflict of Warsaw and thanks to him Europe was protected from the Bolshevik flood. All historical disputes will not change the fact that Poland won thanks to the consistent cooperation of the chief command, which in critical times for the country could hide resentment and individual resentment.
In the past of war art, however, the conflict of Warsaw is an example of a decisive maneuver, the end consequence of which has been achieved with the leadership of the commander, the reliable work of the staff and the advanced skills of officers and soldiers in the field of combat.
The historical importance of the Warsaw conflict is inactive underestimated both in Poland and in western Europe.
The British Ambassador in pre-war Poland – Lord Edgar Vincent D’Abernon named it in the title of his book "The Eighth decisive conflict in planet past – Under Warsaw1920" – at PWN Warsaw 1932.
In 1 of the articles published in August 1930, he wrote: “The modern past of civilization knows fewer events of greater importance than the conflict of Warsaw in 1920. He doesn't know 1 that's little appreciated...
If the conflict of Warsaw had ended with the triumph of the Bolsheviks, there would have been a turning point in the past of Europe, for there is no uncertainty that the collapse of Warsaw would have opened up Central Europe to communist propaganda and to russian invasion (...). The task of political writers... is to explain to the European public that in 1920 Europe was saved by Poland".
On news of the death of the First Marshal of Poland, Józef Piłsudski, president of the Republic of Poland, Ignacy Mościcki gave the Message to the Nation. Just before 1 night on 13 May 1935, he went to Belvedere to pay tribute to the deceased Marshal.
President Ignacy Mościcki then said:
‘[...] The object of national worship cannot be simply suffering. Through his creative instincts, the nation finds an outlet in the apotheosis of action and greatness. Without reverence for greatness there is no power of the State... On May 12, 1935, the tragic day for the Nation and the Polish State covered all Polish hearts with heavy, undulate mourning. He left us forever, left us at a time erstwhile we most request His wise, caring and all-predicting care. The top man at the turn of all our history, who from the depths of past past the power of his spirit drew and superhuman exertion of thought and costly future guessed [...]”.
November 22, 1920 Lviv was the first and only Polish city in the Second Polish Republic to be decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Order of "Virtuti Militari".
The ceremony was performed by the Chief Marshal Józef Piłsudski, who besides received a parade at Legionów Street in Lviv. It is the highest Polish military award given to a heroic city, which inactive proudly bears the motto "Semper Fidelis" (Always faithful).
Both the courage of the inhabitants during the fighting started in November 1918 to preserve the Polishness of the city and its later opposition to the Red Army's attack in 1920 were appreciated.
In the full past of the order, apart from Lviv, only 2 another cities received this honor – Warsaw and Verdun. In addition, 162 lions were besides individually awarded.
On that date (22 November 1920) Piłsudski said:
“There was a regular conflict for hope, a regular conflict for endurance. The populace tried the army, the military tried the population. And erstwhile I, as a military justice giving awards, marking people, thought of the run under Lviv, the large merits of your city were judged as if I had had 1 collective soldier and decorated the Lions with the Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, so that you were the only city in Poland that, by my hand, as the Chief Leader, for my war work, received an award for endurance.
What constituted the way of Marshal Józef Piłsudski to regain the independency of the Polish State after 123 years of captivity was permanently included in the past of our Nation and State.
However, this did not quench social and political passions. The most utmost radicalism and the most ruthless demagoguery fought against each another for a palm of precedence in bringing out the brightest slogans and programs for rebuilding Poland on fresh grounds.
For there were besides those who considered the suspension at the Royal Castle of the Red Flag to be the most crucial task in this minute of history. There were others whose main concern was to remove the crown from the head of the White Eagle. There was only no power.
Although inactive in Warsaw, the Regency Council was created by the occupiers, composed of Archbishop, Prince and a rich nobleman, but had no meaning or influence.
It bore its origin from the nominations of German and Austro-Hungarian business authorities, on the basis of the patent given by these authorities on state power in the Kingdom of Poland dated 12 September 1917.
She took office on 27 October that year. Her own infirmity and helplessness were even more severe. At the same time, she had a dangerous rival in the extremist “Temporary People's Government of the Republic of Poland” established to life on 7 November 1917, who resided in Lublin and was highly radical. In a word, there was a terrible chaos; power, as it was rightly said, "was lying on the street."
When all this happened, he drove to Warsaw by train Józef Piłsudski, the only man who at this large historical minute had all the data to become the center of power in the prevailing general expansion and chaos.
He arrived in Warsaw in the misty and gzysty morning of November 10, 1918 – and it was Sunday – a fewer hours after leaving the capital of the reborn Poland by politician General Hans Hartwig von Beseler, who left for Germany under cover of night with his staff.
The news of the arrival in Warsaw of the Leader of Legions spread rapidly. At the station and in front of the train station, the troops gathered to welcome the Chief returning from Magdeburg Prison.
A typical of the Regency Council, Fr Zdzisław Lubomirski, besides arrived, who then drove Piłsudski to his palace, where he held a longer conference with him.
This was the first authoritative act of Józef Piłsudski upon his arrival in Warsaw. There were countless others after her. nevertheless tired, Marshal Józef Piłsudski did not even think about remainder on that day. Having resided temporarily in a guest home at Moniuszko Street, he accepted various delegations and held conferences all the time by late night.
At the same time, the first clashes with the occupiers and the first accidents of the demolition of the Germans began in Warsaw.
On these works and events ended the first day of Piłsudski's stay in Warsaw after his return from Magdeburg and a memorable 1 in the past of our statehood, Liberation Day November 11, 1918.
This day, great, radiant, dreamt in 4 generations, treated with the hot thought of the full nation and occupied with the full sea of tears and blood, the day of the final liberation of Poland from the bonds of captivity, the day in which Poland was created to live anew its own life, independent, life in the sun and glory of Freedom and Independence.
This unforgettable Day of November 11, 1918, is the feast of our resurrection, the day of our rebirth as a Nation and a State, elevated to the dignity of the feast of the State Queen of Poland of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Since that day, the past of the Independent Polish State is dated inextricably connected with the First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski.
In general, erstwhile Piłsudski arrived in Warsaw, there was a major turn in the present dangerous situation in which Poland was located. If the power has been lying on the street so far, then now there is simply a man in whose hands the nation could lay it with all religion and trust.
This was understood by the Regency Council, a typical of the most conservative part of the society, which on that day gave Józef Piłsudski military power and the chief command of the Polish armed forces, and on 3 days later, “directing himself to the welfare of the Homeland”, as she pointed out in her message, besides the sovereign state power, and she herself dissolved and gave way.
He besides spontaneously dissolved the “Temporary People's Government of the Republic of Poland” in Lublin and voluntarily surrendered to Piłsudski's power.
But not only did the nation recognise its superior and chief in the First Marshal of Poland, Józef Piłsudski. besides the occupiers, whose position was highly uncertain, realized and understood that the situation in Poland had changed completely, that there was individual behind whom the full nation, which has full power and strength to execute it, came.
On the same day, on which Józef Piłsudski arrived in Warsaw, representatives of the Żolnierska Council of the alleged "Soldatenrat" came to him, who took over the business crews, with a message that German troops would leave Warsaw voluntarily, without a fight, provided that Józef Piłsudski engaged them a peaceful journey to the country. An crucial success was besides the acceptance by the Command of the alleged "Ober-Ost (Eastern Army) of Piłsudski's request to evacuate Ukraine with the bypass of the Kingdom by Kowel-Brześć-Bialystok railway line.
In this way, the consequences of Joseph Piłsudski were avoided due to the erratic consequences that could have led to a march of more than 200,000 soldiers of the German east Front.
After the final release of Warsaw, where the last transport with Germany departed on 19 November 1918, and at the same time the full country from the scourge of the occupying army, work began under the direction of Józef Piłsudski on the construction of the resurrected Polish statehood.
But Joseph Piłsudski’s authority overtook the increasing difficulties. We had to build everything from the very foundations – our own administration, treasure, economical life, military; at the same time we had to bring order into chaotic political relations. They characterize most of these relations of Joseph Piłsudski's words:
‘(... The chaotic chaos in which I fell back from Magdeburg, the chaos of the courts, the thoughts, the sentences, the groups, the chaotic chaos, impossible even to put into any puzzle, the chaotic discrepancy—was so great, so immense that I thought it was 1 of the wonders that I could lead you out of this chaos into any path...I spoke to hundreds of people, with representatives of various lands, organizations, associations, interests...everyone said that he was an full nation, everyone wanted his government, everyone threatened that another government did not listen(...)”.
There was so a danger that among these anarchist moods Poland would fall victim to this Moloch who had already absorbed Ukraine, Belarus and Georgia.
And specified danger existed and was very serious. However, that Poland has successfully missed, and the Bolshevik Revolution's fire has only fried it, but it did not burn it, it is 1 of the large merits of Józef Piłsudski's politics.
Józef Piłsudski Ignacy Daszyński was appointed to form the first Polish government, after which Jędrzej Moraczewski, nicknamed “E. K. Pomorski”, “Edward” (born 13 January 1870 in Trzemeszno k. Gniezno, Wielkopolska, born 5 August 1944 in Sulejówek) was a Polish railway engineer, postgraduate of the Lviv University of Technology, captain of the Legion bomb squad, union activist, politician and publicist.
The successor of Jędrzej Moraczewski was Ignacy Jan Paderewski, serving simultaneously as Minister of abroad Affairs, the Knight of the Order of the White Eagle and the French Legion of Honor.
Thus, in an incredible, short time, within just 2 weeks of Piłsudski's taking over, the foundations were laid under the state strategy of the resurrected Poland.
Józef Piłsudski united in his individual the duties of the Chief of State, liable duties of the Chief Executive, organizer of the Polish Army. This army for the defence of the country from external and interior enemies had yet to be created.
Armed hands of enemies stretched out Polish lands. The Polish army had to be armed and equipped with appropriate means.
Fortunately, the basis for creating an army existed ready.
They were hosts of erstwhile legion soldiers and staff of the Polish Military Organization (P.O.W.). Joseph Piłsudski, the army of the reborn Polish state, based on them, tried troops.
And again it turned out to be what for Poland was Action on August 6, 1914, what made of it Legions! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legiony_Polishe_1914-1918
Thanks to the fact that we had these ready-made staff on which the organization of the gradually formed large army was based, it was possible to organize a rescue for Lviv, to undertake an effective run in east Małopolska; it was possible to send the essential forces to Silesia Cieszynski to fight the Czech invasion; it was shortly possible to free the South-Eastern Borders.
And under what hard and hard conditions the creation of this Polish army was, the Chief Leader's order of 14 February 1919 instructs:
‘(... utilizing the panic among the occupiers, a considerable amount of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and war material were captured. The material obtained had to be rapidly formed, armed and trained by combat units, arising from officers and privates from various troops and volunteers, i.e. non-uniform elements.
The Ukrainian invasion of Lviv, the threat of Chełmszczyz, the unclear situation, and later the war with the Czechs, the approaching of the Bolsheviks by Lithuania, the necessity to observe all borders – the Chiefs forced Command to throw force at endangered points, without adequate equipment, whose country, impoverished by war, could not deliver.
And without any essential human supplements. Under these conditions, higher tactical units could not be formed, due to the fact that continuous tension on the combat front and insufficient numbers of soldiers did not let to make stronger reserves. Command was forced to rapidly form individuals, despite deficiency of training, exercise, uniforming, even with inadequate underwear, send them to the front(...)".
As predicted by Józef Piłsudski, striving for the creation of the strongest army in the shortest possible time proved to be the spring of 1919, erstwhile the threat of the Bolshevik flood hung over the resurrected Poland.
For behind the erstwhile German army from the Russian front, many and strong Red Army divisions moved towards the Polish lands. The military action taken by the Bolsheviks aimed to ignite the revolutionary fire in the West, and above all to shake hands with the revolution in Germany.
The road led through Poland, which the leadership of the Red Army expected to crush with 1 hit. In February, russian troops had already stood over Szczara, occupied Vilnius and across Polesie reached the Bug line.
The country was not aware of the danger, but it was understood by Joseph Piłsudski. At the same time, in the West, the paragraphs of the peace treaty were formed and hostile factors in Poland insisted that Poland should close only within the area from Warta to Bug and Narwi.
In view of the state created by the russian action in the east, the decision could easy have been made, prejudging the east borders of the Polish state, according to the dictate of representatives of Russian emigration, and then immense rags of Polish land with Vilnius and Grodne would have been executed for Poland forever.
Józef Piłsudski refused to let specified opportunities, contrary to the opposition he had encountered in the parliamentary circles, contrary to the Western coalition, on whose behalf the French MP demanded that the areas behind Bug stay with Russia.
And a fresh era of acts of the Polish weapon under Piłsudski began.
Created by him and constantly organizing the Polish army, increasing into material strength and spiritual strength joined the wreath of Polish war glory.
Walking from triumph to victory, the Polish Army captured Lida on 12 April 1919, and in a week later liberated Vilnius, then Grodno, to take Minsk in further victorious battles over the Red Army, to force the Dźwina line and after crossing the Berezyna to conquer Bobrujsk and Borisów and to end its offensive together with the Latvian troops to conquer the city and fortress of Dyneburg.
At the same time, with this offensive, as a consequence of the winning war operations on the confederate front, the Polish troops seized Volyn, and made the liberation of Lviv and east Małopolska from the Ukrainian invasion, taking possession of the reborn Polish state the full area after Zbrucz.
Joseph Piłsudski did not halt at these victories. erstwhile peace negotiations with the Soviets, who only wanted to gain time in this way, and at the same time strengthened their army and prepared for a decisive blow, they wavered, Joseph Piłsudski, prejudging the Bolshevik offensive and wanting to thwart it, carried out a bold assumption, and a profoundly politically thought-out plan of hitting Ukraine and releasing it from Russian captivity.
As Ignacy Daszyński states in his work “Big Man in Poland” dedicated to First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski:
"It was the incarnation of a immense political thought; it was, in the event of success, a terrible blow to Russian imperialism, considering Ukraine as its conquest for 3 centuries, a blow to Russia's regulation on the Black Sea, a blow to the full economical strategy of the Russian state, white or red Tsars."
On 25 April 1920, under the individual direction of Józef Piłsudski, the offensive brought fresh laurels to the Polish weapon. In just 2 weeks, the Polish army, numerically small, fought under the eyes of the Chief Leader, crossed a immense part of the country from Zbrucz to Dniepr and, with a full fire, captured Kiev on 8 May.
But shortly after the days of triumph came the days of defeat. Here, after the business by the Polish troops of Kiev, russian divisions grouped on the northern front, abruptly passed into the offensive.
Although this hit was evaporated and the enemy was stopped on the spot, but at the expense of weakening the Polish front in Ukraine. The Red Army took advantage of this and threw 4 divisions of the horse army under the leadership of Budionny on Polish troops located in Ukraine.
The inevitable consequence was the retreat of Polish troops from Ukraine.
GENEZA WARSAW BITWA
And suddenly, on 4 July, the russian troops gathered on this front in a immense number of troops undertook a violent offensive under the slogan: “On Vilnius, Minsk, Warsaw”, that, as the commander of the Red Tuchaczewski Army preached, “through a corpse to Poland”, they would gain a “way to the universal fire of the revolution”.
However, on those days he saw the chief chief’s defeat and horror. At the most critical minute erstwhile the enemy approached the gates of the capital, on the evening of 5 August and on the night of 6 August, he states, “he worked himself to extract the decision”.
He later wrote about it in his book “The Year 1920”:
‘(...) Over all of Warsaw was a plague of sage, powerlessness and reasoning of cowards. The clear evidence of this was a delegation, begging for peace. I sentenced Warsaw from above to a passive role, to withstand the force that followed it. But then with a passive role, I didn't want to tie up the vast majority of my strength. erstwhile I was reasoning about reducing passive cast again, I was afraid about whether Warsaw would stand and whether the fact that any part of the army, already drawn into it, would not reduce weak moral forces and deficiency of assurance in the ability to defend... After collecting respective attempts at the bill respective times, I decided to retreat to the south most of the 4th army and hazard the confederate shield, pulling out 2 divisions that I considered best – 1 and 3 legions.
The concentration site was chosen as “roundings, covered by a comparatively wide river of Pork, with the back of the left wing of Dęblin and thus covering bridges both through the Vistula River and through the Pork. In fact, I am smiling at the thought that during a decisive operation, I should not be the constant object of the force of wise fear and reasonlessness(...).”
The superb plan of the conflict of Warsaw in its concept was culminated in a success that caused amazement and admiration throughout the world.
Thus Poland saved itself and Europe from the defeat of “The Spectre of Europe, the spectrum of communism”, a program declaration by the Union of Communists (German Communist Party) written by Charles Marx and Frederick Engels in the late 1847s and 1848s and announced in February 1848 in London.
And the head of the French diplomatic mission of Jusserand, who besides stayed in Warsaw in 1920 as an observer for his government, said:
‘ The enemy of Poland was the enemy of all civilized countries. Social governance was threatened, and the danger hung over the political order established by the Treaty of Versailles."
Only certain political factors in Poland, the same ones that constantly undermined the independency movement, resurrected and led by Józef Piłsudski, did not want to admit its merits.
The ferocious hatred of the organization to the Leader liberated from the captivity of Poland dictated to them the thought of perverting the truth, falsifying the conviction of history.
The Polish Savior wanted to make the French, General Weygand, despite the fact that the defence of Warsaw was carried out against the plan and advice of this good friend of Poland, who himself stated publically how it truly was.
General Weygand advised to abandon the defence of Lviv and usage the forces drawn from it to defend Warsaw.
The individual and political enemies of Józef Piłsudski staged a demonstration in the courtyard of Krasiński Palace in Warsaw, where respective twelve women from the aristocracy were placed, and erstwhile General Weygand appeared, on a sign given by the directors of sad comedy, the women gathered fell to their knees and kissed the hands of the “Winner of the Warsaw Battle.”
At the same time, 1 of the church dignitaries spoke at the political meeting, branding Piłsudski as “a vile coward and traitor.”
The news was even distributed that Piłsudski's adjutant on his command understood the Bolsheviks after a wire dragged from Belvedere to the underground council in Saski Square.
The enemies of the open and hidden did what they could and how they could to make his work difficult.
Józef Piłsudski said:
‘(... There was a shadow moving around me. Whether on the battlefield or in quiet work, this shadow pursued and persecuted me. Spitted out, a terrible dwarf on crooked feet, spitting out his filthy soul, spitting at me from everywhere, snoring nothing to spare: families, relationships, people close to me, following my steps, transforming my thought – this monstrous dwarf crawled behind me, dressed in flags of different colors, it's a stranger, it's his country, shouting phrases, inventing any stories – this dwarf was my inseparable companion of pits and misery, happiness and misery, triumph and defeat. And the spit was baptized with advanced words, advanced slogans. It was a alleged national work – patriotic(...)".
Meanwhile, the shadow ran by him, he was ahead of him, he was falling behind. The hellish harvests of “a vicious dwarf on crooked feet, spitting out his dirty soul” began, and along with it “some incredible stories.”
“In almost 5 years,” Piłsudski said, “I had to live in the midst of all sorts of terrible fairy tales, all kinds of legends, all kinds of comic stories that were happening to me.”
Why wasn't it told about him?
"The typical of the nation, chosen by all, representing all – steals!
A typical betrays the country, he dates an enemy during the war!
Chief Chief, the warlord is simply a traitor!
Where's the punishment? Is there an effort to remove it? Is there an effort to make him liable for all these crimes?
There isn't!
It's all about spitting, it's just about the interior feces, which the soul must have been full of if it got to it."
A monster dwarf, hatched out of the household swamps. Elsewhere in relation to the representatives of the state, even erstwhile they are dishonest, this is hidden, efforts are made to guarantee that there is no stain on the representative, to shine like a shield."
Elsewhere, the chieftain who overcomes is worshipped, honors and honors meet him, for he saved the state, for he saved everyone from misery.
We're different. The chief is to go to the mud and only if he drinks adequate mud is he to be worthy of Poland.
Józef Piłsudski said:
‘(... I respect my story, respect it for myself, respect it for my children, respect it for future historians who would spit in my face too, if together with the terrible dwarfs who wanted to lower me, I worked. If Poland was able to repair Poland in the first period, then slow from repair to old grooves the return began. large efforts must be made to push Poland to repair the road(...)".
This historical speech was given by Piłsudski a fewer days after the resolution of the Sejm of June 28, 1923, which read:
“Józef Piłsudski as Chief of State and Chief Leader deserved the Nation.
With Piłsudski given a fewer weeks before, on May 14, 1923, the Cross of the Grand Order of Virtuti Militari for the victorious war against the Bolsheviks, it was the first authoritative expression of public designation of his merit by the highest authorities of the independent Polish State."
Simon Goodough, a well-known popularizer of war and military past in the 1979 book Tactical Genius in conflict in designation of Joseph Piłsudski's commanding talents, placed him in the ellipse of winners of the 27 top battles in planet history.
He listed him in a number of strategists specified as Themistokles, Alexander the Great, Caesar, Gustav Adolf, and Condeus.
French General Louis A. Faury in 1 of his articles in 1928 compared the Warszawski conflict to the conflict of Vienna:
"Two 100 years ago, Poland under the walls of Vienna saved the Christian planet from Turkish danger; over the Vistula River and over Germany, a noble nation gave back to the civilized planet a service that was not sufficiently assessed."
British historian J.F.C. Fuller, in his book “The conflict of Warsaw 1920”, wrote: “Enclosureing central Europe from Marxist plague, the conflict of Warsaw withdrew the instructions of the Bolshevik clock (...), halted the possible outbreak of social discontent in the West, destroying almost the Bolshevik experiment.”
The conflict Breaker in Historia
Breakthrough battles in planet past – a list of battles that have weighed on the destiny of humanity. Thus, it can be counted as a clash if the other course of action would have led to a major overthrow in the past of the world. The list of 15 groundbreaking battles was created by Edward Shepard Creasy, and 3 more were supplemented by British politician, diplomat and writer, Edgar Vincent D’Abernon.
The planet War II battles can be added to it.
The 18th groundbreaking conflict in turn is the conflict of Warsaw, during which Polish troops stopped the Red Army offensive and forced it to retreat. Thanks to the Poles' victory, the communist revolution did not spread to confederate and western Europe.
Passed by Edward Shepard Creasy
1st conflict of Marathon – September 12, 490 BC.
2nd defeat of Athens in the war against Syracuse (Sicilian expedition) – 413 BC.
3rd conflict of Arbela – 331 BC.
4. conflict of Metaurus – 207 BC
5th conflict in the Teutoburg Forest – 9
6th conflict in the Catalan Fields (now Chalons-sur-Marne) – 7 September 451
7th conflict of Tours – 25 October 732
8th conflict of Hastings – 14 October 1066
9th Siege of Orleans – 1429
10. defeat of the Spanish armada – 1588
11th conflict of Blenheim – 13 August 1704
12th conflict of Poltava – 8 July 1709
13th British Army capitulation under Saratoga – 1777
14th conflict of Valmy – 1792
15th conflict of Waterloo – 18 June 1815
Added by Edgar Vincent D’Abernon
16th conflict of Sedan
17th conflict of Marna – 5 – 9 September 1914
18th Warsaw conflict 15 August 1920
Thirty-Year War
– conflict of Tannenberg
World War II
– conflict of Stalingrad 1942-1943
– conflict of El-Alamein 1942
– conflict of Kursk 1943
– Combat for Guadalcanal 1942-1943
Edgar Vincent, Viscount of D’Abernon (born 19 August 1857) is simply a British politician, diplomat, writer.
In Poland, his name is known due to the fact that he expanded the list of Edward Shepard Creasy 15 groundbreaking battles in the past of the world, including the aforementioned book 3 more battles, including the Warsaw Battle.
SOLDIENCE
At the same time, the phrase “Cud on the Vistula” took on spiritual connotation, as Polish troops defeated the Bolsheviks in the conflict of Warsaw on 15 August, on the day of the presumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Queen of the Polish Crown.
Editor-in-Chief Adam Michnik at a press conference in Stanisławów “marzy” about the merger of Ukraine with Poland into a fresh state creation called Pol – Ukr, or Ukr – Pol.
At the same time Adam Michnik fights the Roman Catholic Church in Poland claiming that Poles are like the Church teaching hypocrisy, lies, conformism, hypocrisy.
"Gazeta Wyborcza" – "Patriotism is like racism"
Today, in 2014 Polish enemies, who are causing confusion in Polish youth minds, give the "truth" of history, among others, about the alleged "occupation" of Kresa II of Poland by Poland.
‘GREEN SHARE’
In 2018, on the anniversary of the 100th anniversary, Józef Piłsudski, the First Marshal of Poland, after 123 years of business of Polish independency – writer Rafał Ziermkiewicz wrote a book defaming Marshal Józef Piłsudski "The Golden Shadow of the Marshal". In this vile way, the publicist “teached” the recovery of Poland's independency by Marshal Józef Piłsudski.
Mr. Ziemkiewicz, with this title you pierced Adam Michnik in his fight against the Church and the text “Patriotism is like racism” in “Gazeta Wyborcza”.
You should vanish from the TVP screen – info together with the candidate postkomuna (SLD) for Polish president Magdalena Ogórek, as requested by the author
Aleksander Szumański , a past witness – an independent journalist, correspondent of the planet Polish press, accredited (US) in Poland in 2005 – 2014, prosecuted and sentenced to death by German occupiers.
Compatant — Represented individual — Certificate of the Powers of the Compatants and Represented Persons No B 18668/KT3621
Documents, quotations, sources:
https://
//www.youtube.com/embed/QlSsg7QkjrY
http://3opic.pl/adam-michnik-patriotism-racism
http://www.blogpress.pl/node/19166
http://www.bitwawarszawska.pl/index.php?cmd=contentsc&opt=show&id=3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legiony_Polishe_1914-1918
1. Warszawska conflict 13-28 VIII 1920. Operating documents. Part II (17-28 VIII), Collective Work, ISBN 83-86678-37-2.
2. Edgar Vincent D’Abernon: The Eighteenth Decisive conflict of the World, Warsaw 1920. Hyperion Press, Westport Conn 1977. ISBN 0-88355-429-1.
3. Norman Davies, God’s Playground. A past of Poland. Bd 1. The Origins is 1795; Bd 2. 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005. ISBN 0-19-925339-0, ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
4. Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, the Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20. Pimlico, London 2003. ISBN 0-7126-0694-7.
5. John Frederick Charles Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1954, Cassell, London 2001. ISBN 0-304-35868-1.
6. Jeremy Keenan, The Pole: the Heroic Life of Józef Piłsudski. Duckworth, London 2004. ISBN 0-7156-3210-8.
7. Marian Kukiel, conflict of Warsaw, Polish Publishing Institute, 2005, ISBN 83-89700-36-0.
8. Richard Pipes: Russia under the Bolshevik Regime. Random House, fresh York 1994. ISBN 0-394-50242-6.
9. Józef Piłsudski: Collective Scriptures. Warsaw 1937, National Publishing Agency, Warsaw 1991, ISBN 83-03-03059-0.
10. Marek Tarczyński, Warszawska conflict 1920, Rytm Wyd., 1996, ISBN 83-86678-37-2.
11. Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory, Poland and Its Fate, 1918-1939. Hippocrene Books, fresh York 1998. ISBN 0-7818-0673-9
