infinite text
Collision or hummingbird (ukr. Коліївщина) – peasant uprising under the leadership of Maxim Żeleźniak and Ivan Gonta directed mainly against the Polish nobility and judaic people and clergy.
It lasted from June to July 1768 in the Law Coast Ukraine and was manifested by mass murders of Poles, Jews and Roman Catholic and Unity clergyOf which pogroms the largest size reached the Human massacre. The uprising was suppressed by Russian and Polish troops. Number of Collision Victims Estimates scope from 100,000 to 200,000 murdered.
June 1768 – July 1768
Place: Ukraine Right Coast
Territory: Republic of Both Nations
Reason:
Dissatisfaction of peasants due to oppression of the serfdom, anti-nobility and anti-Polish Cossacks and peasants
Result: failure of peasants and boots
Parties to the conflict
Peasants
Hajdamaca
Cossacks, the Republic of Poland Both Nations
Russia
Commanders
Maxim Żeleźniak, Ivan Gonta Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Mikhail Kreczetnikov
Definition in historiography
By Władysław Konopczyński, the wheel was described as a peasant revolution.
Today, Józef Gierowski described it as a peasant war, or peasant uprising, Władysław Serczyk as an uprising, and Karol Grünberg and Bolesław Sprengel as a rebellion that took on the scale of the armed uprising.
etymology
The literature of the subject presents a different etymology of the name of the hummingbird:
- from the cry: “Koli! Koli!” (Punch) which was to be heard during the murders;
- from the word “wheels” (ukr. syphilis) – the weapon which the Russian peasants participating in the club were to be utilized only;
- from the words ‘rail’, ‘rail’, ‘rail’, which are the sources of the expression ‘other service’, i.e. the Cossack militia in the magnate service;
- from the word of the collage which in Transnistria meant butchers specialised in killing pigs.
Genesis, prelude
Collision accidents were first systematically investigated in 1790 by a peculiar committee of inquiry, set up by the Four-Year Sejm.
In her conclusions, based on the evidence of inactive surviving witnesses and circumstantial evidence, she concluded that the revolt of Żeleźniak and Gonta resulted from the arson of the Russian government.
The associate stated that he had not found “no evidence in the writings” and that the final explanation should be left to past on this issue.
Tadeusz Korzon claimed (1897) that the judicial commission, pointing to Russia as a direct guilty rebellion, took the circumstantial evidence in this case besides seriously, including the presentation of the witnesses who were to see the disguised Russian officers between the hajdamaks and point to Russians surviving in abundance abroad through fast enrichment during slaughter. In his opinion Members were besides to draw this fact from the reflection of the actions of the Russian authorities, which did not punish the rebels they had given them.
The inspiration and provocation of the Russian Empire is considered to be 1 of the main causes of the slaughter in Right Coast Ukraine, raised in historiography. The contemporary events of Claude Carloman de Rulhière, author of the work, have already claimed this. History of anarchy in Poland, then Secretary of the French Parliament in St. Petersburg, and among others Józef Szujski and Władysław Konopczyński, and present among others Karol Grünberg and Bolesław Sprengel in monograph Tough Neighborhood (2005) and Antoni Mironowicz, historian of Orthodoxy in Poland (2008).
Władysław Konopczyński considered (1911, 1936) that after the announcement in March 1768 of the act of the Bar confederation, Russia, utilizing the anti-Polish attitude of the Polish Polish peasantry in Ukraine, subject to nobility and magnatery, utilized this peasantry as a tool against the confederation and its supporters, and Catherine II threatened the ministers of the Republic of Hajdamakami in 1763.
Konopczyński stated that the Russians were outraged at the barzanes for their effort to instigate the Slavic solstice, that there were as many as 87 Zaporozhists captured by expeditions and that the Russian generals themselves did not know what to think about the authenticity of Golden Hramota.
All this makes it very credible to say that Zaliźniaka sent with Hramota Melchizedek Jaworski, but Melchizedek taught or dared military factors, organizationally dependent on the College of War, i.e. from Zachar Czernyshev.
Tadeusz Korzon (1897) and Władysław Serczyk (1968) considered the direct inspiration of St. Petersburg unconfirmed. The Russian inspiration thesis is supported by Antoni Mironowicz.
The activity of the Orthodox Church, which fueled hatred of the Polish nobility and Jews in the Orthodox population of Transnieper, was indicated as another origin of the coliseum.
The literature points to individual actions in this case by the Archmandrite Melchizedek (Znakko-Jaworski), who called on Russian peasants to fight armedly and maintained contacts with Cossacks, and according to Tadeusz Korzon and Franciszek Rawity-Gawroński, he was to act on his own, without inspiration from the Russian administration.
Mironovich points out that ihumen Melchizedek, as well as Orthodox bishop of Belarus Jerzy utilized in their agitation activities the slogan of the protection of the Orthodox against the Bar Confederates, who in turn demanded restrictions on the rights of dissidents in the name of defending Catholicism. another authors argue that the activity of the Orthodox Church in Poland was aimed, among another things, at bringing the liquidation of the Brest Union to an end and thus the Orthodox regaination of this position in the east lands of the Republic, which they had before the Brest Union of 1596. Mironowicz writes, however, that the church was no longer seeking to destruct the union, but simply to safe its own free functioning, while the Bar confederation took it as a threat.
Paul Robert Magocsi saw the origin of support for the Russian peasantry for the rebellion besides in his mediocre economical and social situation.
The direct initiator of the revolt was Maxim Żeleźniak – a subject of Russian, Kozak Zaporoski, who called for anti-Polish speeches, referring to the fictional appearance of Catherine II, the alleged Golden Hramota, in which the Tsarica was to order the expulsion of the right-wing Polish nobility, Jews and unic priests from Ukraine.
Żeleźniak formed his first larger branch in the Cool Jar close the Motroninski Monaster, whose superior was Melchizedek (The Mark-Jaworski). Soon, others arriving from Sicza, the Cossacks, began joining him, and then (mostly after leaving the camp) many local Russian peasants.
--------
Collision accidents were first systematically investigated in 1790 by a peculiar committee of inquiry, set up by the Four-Year Sejm.
In her conclusions, based on the evidence of inactive surviving witnesses and circumstantial evidence, she concluded that the revolt of Żeleźniak and Gonta resulted from the arson of the Russian government.
The associate stated that he had not found “no evidence in the writings” and that the final explanation should be left to past on this issue.
So you could presume that The ironman and Gonta were Russian agents?
And we had a commission to systematically analyse Volyn accidents in the 1940s?
Well, not immediately after the war, due to the fact that Poland was found in ticks ubekko (German) - russian and there was no specified possibility.
No committee has determined from which "nationalists" and "local Ukrainian population" have committed cruel murders on unarmed and peaceful Polish neighbours - no 1 even in literature raises specified questions, everything is precisely defined - "these nationalists Ukrainians" and UPA.
And we know that the leaders of these "nationalists" - Szuchewycz orFlag- were German agents.
Well, possibly there's no ID on Schuchewyk. ‘no evidence in writing’, But there are circumstantial:
Roman Szuchewycz - wikipedia for Poles:
studies at the Gdańsk University of Technology in the Free City of Gdańsk, after a year (in 1926) moved to the Lviv University of Technology,
Military training later supplemented Germany and courses organised by the CNS in the Free City of Gdańsk
After the aggression of the 3rd Reich and USSR on Poland and the beginning of the German business in Poland in autumn 1939 he arrived in Krakow, where operated in the OBTO tolerated CNS structures.
In 1941, Deputy Commander of the Nachtigall Battalion. Nachtigall was part of the Ukrainian Nationalist Teams,
created by Abwehra from Ukrainian nationalists to the tasks of sabotage and diversion in the planned war with the USSR.
Nachtigall soldiers took an active part in the pogrom: They were instigating to cruelty, beat the Jews and shot them
Also in the NKVD prison, the soldiers of the “Nachtigalla” were to rush and beat the body-exporters of Jews. Then, at the command of a German officer, they formed a spade and
needles Running Jews bayonets killing many of them
Following the dissolution of the battalion by the Germans in October 1941, Shuchewycz, along with another battalion soldiers, signed a one-year contract for service in 201 police battalion, [...] to the rank of captain (German Hauptmann) and became company commander. Service was voluntary
Because of the failure ratio (40:1), both Grzegorz Motyka and Per Anders Rudling believe that the battalion was besides the victim civilian populationAnd the thing that hasn't been explained so far is its possible participation in the pacification of Belarusian villages, due to the fact that the sources do not contain information on this.
According to Rudling
Ukrainian veterans' omission of the Schutzmannschaft Battalion in post-war memoirs of the detailed geographical location of Belarus' activities prevents the battalion from linking with circumstantial crimes committed on civilians in a given locality. In his opinion, the alleged anti-partisan actions were to be
de facto extermination campaignWhere Jews were shot in reports under the bandit line.
According to Ukrainian political scientist Alexi Martynov and historian Adolf Kondracki Battalion 201 took part in repressive-pacification actions in Volyn and Belarus, in which he committed crimes on Jewish, Belarusian and Ukrainian
civilian population [...] say his soldiers burned 2,875 people alive there
According to Martynov and Kondracki Szuchewycz
for service to Germany received the Iron Cross twice.
Responsibility for cultural cleansingThe function of Roman Szuchewycz in deciding to carry out the alleged Volyn massacre has not yet been full explained.
Prosecutor of IPN Piotr Zając as the main decision-maker in this crime points out the commander of the UPA-North Dmytra Klaczewski, who made this decision on his own without consulting the OUN-B Provod.
However, Szuchewycz at the 3rd OUN-B Conference in February 1943 belonged to people listing Poles as the biggest enemies of Ukraine and, according to 1 of the hypotheses, breaking the findings of the 3rd Conference, saying that no large-scale armed actions were launched in Volyn in the spring of 1943, was the consequence of a quiet agreement between Klaczkiwski and Szuchewycz.
There is no uncertainty that the anti-Polish cleaning in Volyn Szuchewycz after time accepted and defended Klaczkiwski against allegations of any OUN activists.
In the case of cultural cleansing in east Małopolska, Roman Szuchewycz, who was then commandant of the main UPA, coordinated at least genocidal actions. At the latest in March, the UPA office issued an order to expel Poles under threat of death. Detailed instructions repeated the order of May 1944:
In July 1944, at the UHWR Szuchewycz Convention, he admitted that in Wołyń there was a “disposal” of the Polish population as a consequence to the alleged cooperation of Poles with Germans. As regards the situation in Małopolska, he stated: “UPA Command issued an order to displace Poles if they did not resettle themselves. The attacks are continuing.’
On the crimes committed by Ukrainian nationalists on the Polish population of Volyn, the investigation is conducted by the Branch Commission for the Pursuit of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Lublin. In the case of crimes committed in east Małopolska (Tarnopolskie, Stanisławskie and Lwowskie) investigation is conducted by the Branch Committee of WZPNP in Wrocław. Crimes were legally classified as genocide.
---
No 1 asks if Bandera acted out of the Germans' arson, but Iron and Gonta - it's very possible that from the Russians' assassination - the witness statements are talking about it and circumstantial.
Why isn't anyone asking about the Germans?
Because Werwolf keeps his ft on the line and makes certain that information like this doesn't appear anywhere.
We have and evidence and circumstantial evidence on the agential cooperation of UPA's donors with Germany.
What wikipedia for Poles writes about the Volyn massacre:
Volyn massacre[2][3] – genocide[4] performed by Ukrainian nationalists active[5], frequent local support Ukrainian population[6][7][8] to minorities Polish[9] erstwhile Volynów Voivodeship II of Poland (in time German occupation of this territory (August 1941 – February 1944) administratively in the composition of the business structure Third ReichReichs Division Ukraine), during occupation of the territory of the Second Republic through the 3rd Reich, from February 1943 to February 1944.
Understand?
There are about 45 words - In 1 sentence.
And six lines.
For example, 1 line here:Edible offal – Extermination of armed Polish crew and parts of civilians Gdansk au Teutonic Knights November 13, 1308.
Again:
Volyn massacre[2][3] – genocide[4] by Ukrainian nationalists with active[5], frequent support of the local Ukrainian population[6][7][8] against the Polish minority[9]
Former Volynów Voivodeship II
(at the time of the German business of this territory (August 1941 – February 1944) administratively as part of the business structure of the 3rd Reich Reich Commission of Ukraine),
during the business of the territory of the Second Republic by the 3rd Reich, from February 1943 to February 1944.
Understand?
Why is there so many names in the definition at the outset of the article? To obscure the image, due to the fact that specified item can be added underneath in separate verses, as individual necessarily wants to detail...
Again:
Volyn massacre – genocide by Ukrainian nationalists with active, frequent support of the local Ukrainian populationagainst the Polish minority
Former Volynów Voivodeship II
(During the German business of this territory (August 1941 – February 1944)
administratively as part of the business structure of the 3rd Reich Reichs Division Ukraine),
during the business of the territory of the Second Republic by the 3rd Reich, from February 1943 to February 1944.
I'll cut it short:
Volyn massacre – genocide by Ukrainian nationalists with active, frequent support of the local Ukrainian populationagainst the Polish minority
Former Volynów Voivodeship II
during the business of the territory of the Second Republic by the 3rd Reich, from February 1943 to February 1944.
Better?
Clear?
and yes and no
Volyn massacre – genocide by Ukrainian nationalists with active, frequent support of the local Ukrainian population against the Polish number Former Volynów Voivodeship II
Poles were "Polish minority" in Poland?
Huh?
Traditionally, the word "minority" refers to the "ethnic/national minority" defined in the law of a given country, and it is different here, only that it was defined - against the background of the voivodship (and under German occupation, after administrative division)
According to the census of 1931, Poles accounted for nearly 17% of the population, Ukrainians 68%, and the next "minority" is Jews - 10%...
After all, I think that this word was utilized progressively and intentionally to reduce the meaning of Poles, to diminish the meaning of murders, and to "justify" why the massacre happened.
You know, "minority" is possibly "little of them" -- like in Gdańsk in 1308, you know?
(We are constantly considering the situation erstwhile information is read by a individual who is not aware of the case)
If individual very much wants to point out that Poles were little than Ukrainians there, he can write: "to Polish citizens who stay number in these areas"But why, what's the point? And this. IN 1 DAY long in 6 lines and 45 (!) words?
The average individual remembers and combines the last 5-7 words/words.
Note the phrases:
during the German business of this territory
of the business structure of the 3rd Reich
during the business of the territory of the Second Republic by the 3rd Reich
3 times repeated to accept well and to cover well the guilt of murderers (officially of Ukrainian nationality), due to the fact that everything happened under German occupation... the proposition that it was not Ukrainians who were guilty, but the occupier - the same procedure is utilized by the Ukrainian media to describe the ceremony of those murdered in Płużniki - but for a change it was "after russian occupation" - and not a word about Ukrainians being murdered - they murdered "accidents" that happened there...
and - "minority" ... the same treatment as in the case of the Gdańsk Reich by the Teutonic Knights - relativizing the causes and the number of murdered - that in fact it was a small ... in Gdańsk murdered "not little than a fewer twelve and not more than a fewer 100 people"....
Nope.
It's just that all the Slavs were murdered - it was a purge ethnic, besides in Volyn and all over Poland during planet War II - it was cultural cleansing...
The proposition that it is not the Ukrainians who are guilty, but the occupier - yes, the Germans are guilty in general, in theory... The Germans are guilty of planet War II in general... but these sentences are about distracting the Ukrainians.
and beyond.
The victims of the murders that culminated in the summertime of 1943 were Poles, on a much smaller scale Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians, Czechs and representatives of another nationalities surviving in Volyn. The exact number of victims is not known, historians estimation that about 50,000 Poles died and in retaliation 2–3 1000 Ukrainians
We're inactive talking about 100,000 to 200,000, even Onet writes 120,000, and wikipedia says 50,000 victims.
Notice - Ukrainian IPN He allowed the exhumation last year and proposed not to number children's remains
"As proposed by Ukraine, infants and children would fall out of identification"
And according to our records, children accounted for as much as 50% of the victims - which is?
100 grand is made of 50,000, just as the lying wikipedia gives us... and yet there was a 100 1000 due to the fact that I checked. What a sync.
There's a link to the source, let's see what's in there:
- "The number of people who died at a certain time and place (e.g. within the county) and where the number of people murdered for the events shown in the work is given is at least 36,543 – 36,750 Poles. The actual number of assassins is higher and according to our estimates is 50,000–60,000 people. In the actual number of murdered there are: I. the number of Poles murdered determined for the events shown in the work (i.e. 36 543 – 36 750 people); II. the estimated number. The estimated number (II) includes: 1) victims from the locality, for which only partially the number of Poles murdered (... +?); 2) victims from the locality where the unknown number of Poles died (?); 3) victims from the locality, of which the destiny of Poles is unknown.” Władysław Hi., Eva, hi.Genocide by Ukrainian nationalists on the Polish population Volyn 1939–1945, Warszawa 2000, Wydawnictwo “von Borowiecky”, ISBN 83-87689-34-3 – summary of Polish losses. Richard Torzecki, op.cit., p. 267 estimated the failure of the Polish population in Volyn to 30-40 1000 people, which coincides with the number of 36 543–36 750 victims documented in sources from the work of Władysław and Ewa Czaszków (see above).
usually specified links give an address on the net to the source, or the title of the book, the author, etc. data, but not here - it was the wikipediar who showed us all his cunning and gave us quotes from the nakowa work he supported
Sure, so that any Maciej or who hasn't clicked on and penetrated - it's already written here, just for convenience, of course...
Read clearly:
First it's written upstairs: The exact number of casualties is unknown, historians estimation that about 50,000 Poles died and in retaliation 2–3 1000 Ukrainians
And then in the source:
The actual number of people murdered is:
I. the number of Poles murdered determined for the events shown at work (i.e. 36 543 – 36 750 people);
II. estimated number.
The estimated number (II) includes:
1) victims from the localities for which only partially the number of Poles murdered was determined (... +?);
2) victims from the localities where the unknown number of Poles died (?);
3) Victims from localities from which the destiny of Poles is unknown.”
and origin of information:
in: Władysław Jałoszko, Ewa Jaszuszko Genocide by Ukrainian nationalists on the Polish population Volyn 1939–1945, Warszawa 2000, Wydawnictwo "von Borowiecky", – a summary of Polish losses.
Ryszard Torzecki, op.cit. p. 267 estimated the failure of the Polish population in Volyn to 30–40 1000 people, which corresponds to the number of 36 543–36 750 victims documented in sources from the work of Władysław and Ewa Czaszków (see above).
Number estimated It's not served!
Then where did the 50 grand from the first conviction come from? Huh? There isn't! You don't know! Wikipediar wrote 50,000 off his hat! According to the census of 1931, Poles There were nearly 350,000 in Volyn.
If you hadn't read the link to the origin of the information, and you hadn't read the information ("I don't think anyone's lying here... why would anyone lie...?") you would have been misled.
We remember:
They're not meant to be adults, they're meant to be school kids who "know nothing" and who want to rise for us as they please.
...but further:
on a much smaller scale Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians, Czechs and representatives of another nationalities of Volyn.
note: the German number in Kresy lived in Wołyń, this was the largest concentration of Germans in east Poland
and not a word about the Germans - Not a word.
Which is what?
The Germans weren't slaughtered by Ukrainians?
Under German occupation, possibly not, but... if they murdered everyone, who would know who did?
Below the map from the page: zepe.gov.pl
zepe.gov.pl/a/read/D14p8f4yL
ZPEis this Service Ministry of National Education.
The distribution of national groups in II Republic of Poland.
Source: Krystian Chariza and team, license: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Map II of Poland showing a percent of the population with German native language. Point out the land most inhabited by the Germans and explain why this happened.
Source: Contentplus.sp. z o.o. based on Maciej Szczepańczyk, Wikimedia Commons, license: CC BY-SA 3.0
wikipedia for Poles:
Population of Volynów Voivodeship 1931 in powiats according to declared native language
Total
Ukrainians – 1 426.9 1000 (68.4%)
Poles – 346.6 1000 (16.6%)
Jews – 205.5 1000 (9.9%)
Germany – 46.9 1000 (2.3%)
Others – 59.6 1000 (2.8%) (including Czechs – 31.000 (1.5%), Russians – 23.4 1000 (1.1%))
According to the Second Universal Census of Population of 9.XII.1931.
On the basis of the census conducted by the Germans in the first half of 1942 compared by them with estimates in 1939 it turned out that the failure of the Polish population in Volyn during the russian business amounted to 45 1000 people.
krybawolynska.pl/zz1/mapa-wojewodztwa-wolyns/powiat-lucki/12751, Powiat-lucki.html
I reached to the origin given in the wiki and wrote from the table and so, according to the counties:
- Dubno - 2789
- Horoch - 4977
- Kostopol - 7545
- Kowel - 1813
- Silicate - 118
- Luboml - 8
- luck 17619
- Equal - 7458
- Sarny - 922
- Vladimir - 2778
856
TOTAL: 46 883
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Woj.wołyńskie-Polska_spis_universal_1931.pdf
Łucki region according to wikipedia:
population – 290,8 1000 people (as of the census of 1931)
The territory was mostly inhabited by the population Ukrainian population of 172.1 1000 (59.2%). The second nationality in terms of quantity was there Poles of 56.4 1000 (19.4%), besides, they are Jews and another fewer national groups (approximately 21%)
That's what the wikipedia says - let's not forget that statistics talk not of nationality, but of native language and so on:
Polish - 56 446
Ukrainian - 171 793
Jewish + Hebrew - 29 887 + 4255 = 34 142
German - 17 619
others - 245+20+3909+6107+14+141= 10636
not known - 169
Polish - 19,4 %
Ukrainian - 59,1 %
Jewish + Hebrew - 11.7%
German - 6%
other - 3,7 %
But we'll be more curious in the village, due to the fact that that's where the pogroms were made, so I subtract the quantities from the box. "Cities together" And so:
Polish - 44 020 18 %
Ukrainian - 166,050 67,8 %
Jewish + Hebrew - 10 4914,3 %
German - 16 5956,8 %
others - 7641 3,1 %
not known - 161 0,07 %
Total: 244 797
Paranoid District
population – 252.8 1000 (as of the census of 1931)
Polish - 36 990
Ukrainian - 160 371
Jewish + Hebrew - 33 149 + 4335 = 37 484
German - 7458
others - 113+140+4093+5817+11+85= 10 259
not known - 225
Polish - 14,6 %
Ukrainian - 63,5 %
Jewish + Hebrew - 14.6 %
German - 2,95 %
other - 3,7 %
I take the quantities out of the box. "Cities together" And so I get:
English - 25 457 12,2 %
Ukrainian - 156 955 75,4 %
Jewish + Hebrew - 11 570 5,6 %
German - 7113 3,4 %
others - 6823 3,5 %
not known - 218 0,1 %
Total: 208 136
I hope I wrote it all down right and I didn't make a mistake,
summing up these 2 counties, we see that there was a native-language population there:
Polish - 44,020 + 25,457=============69,477
Ukrainian - 166,050 + 156,955 ====323 005
Jewish + Hebrew - 10 491 + 11 570 ===== 22 061
German - 16,595 + 7113=================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
others - 7641 + 6823=============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Not known======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Total: 453 094
Polish - 15,3 %
Ukrainian - 71,3 %
Jewish - 4,9 %
German - 5.2 %
other - 3,2 %
and wikipedia writes:
The victims of the murders that culminated in the summertime of 1943 were Poles, on a much smaller scale Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians, Czechs and representatives of another ethnicities in Volyn.
Why are Germans not exchanged in these 2 areas were they the 3rd national group in size in the countryside?
The Germans were over 10,000 more than the "other" mentioned by the wikipediar, nearly 2,000 more than the Jews.
Is this a secret?
If so, why?
Huh?
Given its experience that wikipedia is very pro-German and anti-Polish, if there were victims among the Germans - then wikipedia should emphasize it very much - meantime - not a word about the Germans!
Throughout the voivodship
Germany – 46.9 1000 (2.3%)
Others – 59.6 1000 (2.8%):
of which Czechs – 31,000 (1,5%)
Russians – 23.4,000 (1.1%)
and besides the Czechs and Russians and Armenians are exchanged - but the Germans are not.
Maybe the Germans didn't dare murder.
Maybe the Germans were friends of UPA?
Yeah, Germans were UPA allies.
and what is the difference between 1921 and 1931?
Now I inactive gotta check and describe where the most pogroms were.
page:
krybawolynska.pl/zz1/mapa-wojewodztwa-wolyns/powiat-lucki/12751, Powiat-lucki.html
In 1926, a group of German scientists moved to Volyn and after returning presented a publication from their research. The study was impressive.
- Volyn Germans were shown how mediocre people, frequently surviving in clay huts. They were frequently people who did not even realize that they were German – reminded the author of the book "German number in Interwar Poland". He besides demonstrated photographs taken in those years, showing Volyn Germans - the villagers are very mediocre dressed on them, and any of them had no shoes.
majsynak.blogspot.com/2025/07/minor-German-on-woyń.html
and then:
The same genocide was carried out by UPA troops in the first half of 1944 in the areas neighbouring Wołyń voivodships of Lviv, Tarnopolski and Stanisławów, referred to in historiography as east Galicia or east Malopolska. Thus, at times both crimes are treated as 1 and referred to as a common name: Volyn-Galician or Volyn-Małopolskia crimes.
complexity of naming leads to blurring of information
Motives of extermination
Moods Anti-Polish in rows Ukrainian nationalists were formed at least since 1917 erstwhile it was from the inspiration of Bolshevik Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants murdered Polish civilians, full farms, palaces and farms were turned into ruins. Crimes lasted respective weeks and claimed up to 2,000 victims
Makushinski Cornnel, a direct witness to these events, later wrote in his memoirs:
“Maybe there will come a time erstwhile this man besides will go crazy, who saw a man slaughtering and raping children, abruptly will be unconscious from fear of the hideous spirit of this act, and man will talk in it? [...] The chaotic man of the Ukrainian steppe [...] will realize [...] that something terrible happened due to him, that with bloody hands he killed the soul of his land, having tired people and animals, defiling the land, wounding trees”[18].
In the twenties of interwar Greek Catholic bishop dioceseStanislawowskaGrzegorz Chomyszyn wrote:
“Nationalism has begun to take upon us the qualities of a pagan spirit, for it introduces pagan hatred ethics, ordering us to hatred all who are of a different nationality”[17][19].
In 1932, he published a paper entitled “The Ukrainian Problem” in which he stated that, by Ruth of Baptism from Byzantium, not Rome, was a large calamity, due to the fact that it did not make the basic truths of religion the principles of the conduct of the faithful in everyday life
The authorities of the Second Republic, having respect to the hard experience from 1917 to 1918, took immediate action to pollinate the east Borders. This process began with the reorganization of offices, from which persons refusing to curse allegiance to the Polish State were removed. Ukrainian-speaking cathedrals at the University of Lviv were besides abolished, limiting access to studies only for those who had served in the Polish Army.[23].
In December 1920, the Sejm passed a bill that allowed the well-deserved soldiers and warables from central Poland to get farms in Volyn on preferential terms. As a result, the number of Poles in this region increased from 240 1000 in 1921 to almost 340 1000 in 1931.[24][25].
At the same time, Ukrainians, awaiting the favourable decision of the Council of Ambassadors League of Nations on the Eastern Małopolska, they took action to defy the Polish authorities. Officers of the Ukrainian Halician Army headed by Colonel Jewhen Konowalce appointed in 1920 Ukrainian Military Organisation (UWO). First UWO terrorist action against the government II Republic was Failed assassination of Marshal Józef Piłsudski September 25, 1921, in Lviv.
In the summertime and autumn of 1922, under the direct leadership of Konowald, a series of terrorist and sabotage actions against civilians, known as “the first appearance WED‘, including voivodships of Lviv, Tarnopolskie and Stanisławskie. Farm arsons, property destruction, and attacks on police stations and infrastructure occurred. Within a fewer months, the UWO carried out about 300 actions and sabotages, including attacks on Ukrainians seeking to scope an agreement with Poles[26].
These events have prompted Council of Ambassadors to grant the lands of disputed Poland, with a advice to grant autonomy to local governments. In addition, the rights of national minorities in education, justice and language were theoretically guaranteed by Small Treaty of Versailles ratified by Poland in 1919, but not all its provisions were full implemented[27].
---------------
wikipedia for Poles:
Nachtigall Battalion (
mute. Battalion Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall,
Half. Nightingale) — Battalion
Wehrmacht composed of Ukrainians and Germans, participating in war activities in the beginning of the 3rd Reich attack on the USSR (VI-VIII 1941), during planet War II.
Note - Polish-language wikipediars in the slogans concerning the geography of Poland, e.g. cities - permanently add German city names, and here in the definition added the phrase: "
Half. Nightingale"
which looks like there were any Polish troops of this German battalion and was called the Nightingale.
This expression refers to the translation into the Polish word "Nachtigall" - nachtigall is simply a nightingale, but specified things as individual wants to translate to Poles, which means a given name, fits in a separate verse, somewhere as an addition, alternatively than as an equivalent link in the first line of the password.
That's manipulation, not Wikipedia.
In each language version, the word "batalion" is given in the corresponding language version, but the name "Nachtigall" originally in German and so on:
German wiki:
Das Bataillon Nachtigall (
ukrainisch Батальйон Соловей oder Батальйон Нахтіґаль)
French wiki: provides a translation of the word Nachtigall
Le bataillon Nachtigall (« Rossignol », en français)
"en français" means "in French"
English wiki: gives the German name, English names and oryg.
The Nachtigall Battalion (English: Nightingale Battalion), besides known as the
Ukrainian Nightingale Battalion Group (German: Bataillon Ukrainische Gruppe Nachtigall), or officially as peculiar Group Nachtigall (German: Sondergruppe 'Nachtigall')
Italian wiki: provides English names and oryg. German name - no translation
Il Battaglione Nachtigall (in inglese: Nightingale Battalion, in tedesco: Bataillon Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall), officialmente Gruppo Speciale Nachtigall
Spanish wiki: gives the German name, the full name in Spanish and oryg. German
El Batallón Nachtigall, también conocido como el Grupo de Batallón de Ruiseñor de Ucrania (en
alemán: Bataillon Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall )
Russian wiki: gives a German name in Cyrillic and what the word Nachtigall means
Специальное подразделение (
батальон) «» (
нем.Nachtigall «
соловей»)
Ukrainian wiki: writes German name in Cyrillic and gives oryg. German name
Нахтіґаль (легіон)
«Нахтіґаль» (
нім. Battalion Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall)
Polish wiki: gives oryg. German name and adds the word SłowikNachtigall Battalion (
mute. Battalion Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall,
Half. Nightingale)
and read:
Nachtigall Battalion (
mute. Battalion Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall,
Half. Battalion Ukrainian Nachtigall Group )
either
Nachtigall Battalion (
mute. Battalion Ukrainianische Gruppe Nachtigall )
and a separate verse of what the word means nachtigell - in Polish "sword"
possibly:
Battalion “Nachtigall” ("Słowik" in Polish)
Is there a difference?
There it is.
And it was just by accident I clicked this nachtigall...
Wikipedia is not an encyclopedia.
Wikipedia doesn't give us facts - just interpretations.
Wikipedia is actually - a literary statement.
These are actually opinions of the wikipediar not supported by any data - it is pure literature, not to say - beletristism, which under the cover of the OPIN - gives us fairy tales, fiction, simply deceives us.
It uses something that could be described as "collateral knowledge", but with cognition having nothing or small in common (still this word and phenomenon gives me a problem how to explain it).
literary creativity - not only in wikipedia - poses a large threat to the existence of the state over the years.
This virtually threatens the existence of statehood and physical existence - like "fashion" on lgtb.
This is simply a very real POLITICAL threat that can be described utilizing statistical data.
German wiki:
"During planet War II Pomorze was joined to Reichsgau Gdańsk-West Prussia. The region was transferred to fresh business administrative areas and structures. Since Poland neither capitulated nor agreed to territorial changes, these acts remained Germany's unilateral will
without designation under global law."
Which is what? Rzeczpospolita (including the Volynian province) - existed, only - it did not have structures? Like present the 3rd Reich, which exists according to German papers and law?
Is he so entitled to compose "the erstwhile Volynsk province" ? possibly I'll find out from someone.
pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliszka
News.onet.pl/world/leader-Ukrainian-ipn-indicated-term-exhumation-is-reaction-Polish/bhqsecj
.tysol.pl/a139502-exhumations-victims-slaughter-volinsky-according to-proposation-Ukrainian-with-identification-would-be infants-and-children
== sync, corrected by elderman ==
pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalion_‘Nachtigall’
== sync, corrected by elderman ==
Right Eye: German number in Volyn
Right Eye: A literary statement, or wikipedia
Gdańsk massacre - Wikipedia, free encyclopedia
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woiwodschaft_Pommerellen_(1919–1939)#Faktische_Auflösung_der_Woiwodschaft_im_Zweiten_Weltkrieg
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