Historical calendar: the anniversary of the passing by the Second Legislative Sejm of the Law of the Republic of Poland – the Constitution, which passed into past as “March”.
Today in our calendar we will look at the circumstances of this event.
Under the interim electoral decree of 22 November 1918, elections to the Polish Parliament were held in January 1919. They were common, equal, secret, direct and proportionate. The main disadvantage of the ordination was the proportional way of converting votes into mandates and establishing the organization system. This caused a crucial fragmentation of the parliament, which included respective different parties and parties.
Polish political life has been dominated by typical in specified a situation, fierce factions and pushes for positions in the state administration. Premieres even changed all fewer weeks. The first head of the government was with large social prestige, Ignacy Jan Paderewski. Despite being a composer, alternatively than a professional politician, he proved to be an efficient negotiator, who bravely fought for Polish business during the Versailles conference.
Unfortunately, in the country his regulation was dominated by endless quarrels between the socialists Piłsudski and the Dmowski nationalists. Both groups attacked the Prime Minister for actions contrary to their demands. Paderewski was sick of it. In December 1919, he resigned and went abroad to remainder from politics.
The precarious abroad situation and the demolition of war forced the fighting parties to compromise on key matters of state importance. The main problems of this period were the care for equipping the army and harmonising laws in a country made up of 3 different occupations (and thus 3 different legal orders).
After stormy deliberations, the alleged small Constitution was passed on February 20, 1919. It organized the foundations of political and social life in a reborn state. It introduced a single-seat parliament and temporarily maintained the position of the Chief of State, which, in agreement with the Members, was to appoint a government.
On 17 March 1921, the peculiar Legislative Sejm adopted the alleged Basic Act, which passed into past as the March Constitution. It introduced a republican state strategy and a three-step division of power (legislatorship – parliament and senate, executive power – president and government with Prime Minister, judicial power – theoretically independent courts). According to her records, the government appointed by the president held executive power as long as he had Parliament's confidence. The word of office of the Sejm (444 Members) and the legislature (111 Senators) lasted 5 years.
The Constitution maintained the disastrous electoral ordination in force, making the chaos and organization disputes the regular bread of Polish political life. Parliament acted erstwhile after a liberal, erstwhile conservative thought; sometimes ideas of socialists and sometimes endings were pushed.
The church and spiritual matters were pushed to the next stage. The predominance of secular power over the clergy has been manifested by the request of government approval of the election of bishops, and the work to curse allegiance to the president of Poland. Thus the Church, despite its theoretical autonomy, had a limited influence on the directions of state improvement in the reborn Poland.
The new, in line with the March Constitution elections were held on 5 November 1922. Parliament has again been fragmented, with national minorities gaining a crucial position, with 20% of seats in the Sejm and 24% in the Senate. The President's office introduced required appropriate voting in the National Assembly (combined chambers of parliament). After a procedure conducted on 9 December, the highest office in the state was assumed by the socialist and associate of the Masonic Lodge “Returned Freedom”, Gabriel Narutowicz.
Against his election, Endecia organized protests and street fights. A fewer days after his swearing in, the president was shot by an antisocialist state official, Eligiusz Niewiętwiski. In the trial, the suspect demanded the death punishment for his act, and as his origin he gave the state's distribution, which was the consequence of the actions of the leftist people of Piłsudski and Narutovich. His last words before the firing squad were: "I'm dying for Poland, which Piłsudski loses!
Another socialist, Stanisław Wojciechowski, became the fresh president. Despite considerable individual commitment to a settlement between the fighting parties, a major political crisis continued. It was inability to make a permanent government. Another cabinets of Władysław Sikorski, Vincent Witos, Władysław Grabski and Alexander Skrzyński collapsed. In early 1926, the interior situation in Poland was inactive not normalized. It was the perfect ground for the civilian war and coup.
Previous entry from our calendar is available Here..
