Historical calendar: the anniversary of the release by Tsar Alexander II of the exhibition by which the peasants in the Kingdom of Poland were expropriated.
Today in our calendar we will look at the circumstances of this event.
The defeats in the Crimean war contributed to the death of Tsar Nicholas I in 1855. The master had pneumonia and refused to take medication. It is suspected that it was a conscious suicide committed in connection with the general failure of his long-term policy. Continuing pointless fighting threatened to lose interior stableness and the outbreak of civilian war.
The fresh Tsar, to which Nicholas' boy Alexander II became, feared the outbreak of the uprising in the Kingdom of Poland. This was easy, especially since in Turkey, under the supervision of Adam Mickiewicz, Władysław Zamoyski and Michał Tchaikovsky volunteer Polish troops were formed. Although not many individuals, their very existence had a strong propaganda effect.
Alexander II decided to admit Russia's failure, especially since he was not liable for it. On 30 March 1856, his representatives signed a peace in Paris, under which Russia renounced any of the earlier territorial acquisitions in Besarabia, committed itself to the liquidation of the Black Sea fortresses and the war fleet on that aquania.
The prestigiously and economically weakened carat had to reorganize its policies. Of course, the Turkish ruling elites did not quit the power of ambition, but traditionally, after large failures, went through a momentary period of reflection, resulting in equally temporary weakening of murderism. Intensive, although it turned out, any superficial reforms of the government were undertaken.
The goal of the system's liberalisation was to rebuild the military and host capacity, in order to bring another attack on Russia's enemies. The alleged post-Sewastopolska thaw of the 1960s and 1970s brought a number of administrative steps, resulting in the improvement of economy and troops. The Tsar and his men bowed down, among others, over the destiny of the lowest social layer, which most frequently rebelled.
In 1861 in Russia (including alleged Russia). taken lands) the State and subjection to the noble was abolished. From now on, the peasants could leave the village, educate themselves, get their own assets, marry and trade. What if they were besides burdened with taxes and with the coercion to buy out the land from their masters? They didn't have the money. Thus, their actual destiny improved only theoretically, and the rapidly increasing debt of the village, caused respective fresh local rebellions.
The peasants forced to buy out the land owed themselves to power, especially in the Jews. The interest on debt money has led to a leap of aversion to the Jews, resulting in many pogroms.
In addition to expropriation reforms, the Tsar partially reduced censorship and political police activity and besides banned torture. He made changes in local government and judiciary, which has since become more effective and independent. He besides shortened his service in the army from a twelve to six years old and reformed military education.
The thaw besides reached the Vistula River. In 1856 the martial law was abolished there, introduced on the occasion of the November Uprising. In the following years there was a slow restoration of various rights and freedoms for Poles. Amnesty was besides announced for Siberian exiles.
Nevertheless, the tsarist reforms proved to be besides superficial and half-hearted. Self-departure was not limited in any way, and the authoritarian Turkish kind of governance and brutal methods of dealing with all manifestations of opposition were inactive regular bread. As time passed, these methods would increasingly cast a shadow on other, partially accurate and successful changes.
In particular, the persecution of Catholics and national minorities continued. In 1863, in the Kingdom of Poland, there was a large revolt against the Carat. The January Uprising proved to be a test of possibilities for the reformed army and intelligence, as most clashes were guerrilla.
The fight against poorly armed Poles lasted almost 2 years. Her success was mainly due to the fact that on April 15, 1864 the tsar authorized the Polish peasantry to drag them to his side. Moreover, he did so on a somewhat different basis than in the lands taken. The peasants simply received the property of buildings and livestock, without having to buy them out. In addition, the court was required to return to the peasants the lands which were incorporated into the farms after 1846. In principle, the improvement was intended to weaken the Polish nobility, which was anti-Russian-oriented.
The Polish rebellion was brutally suppressed by the successive embodiment of insurgent troops, the burning of villages favorable to rebels, exports to Sibir and mass confiscations of assets, which were then sold to obedient authorities, to large degree to Jews. The Tsar was hoping that he'd usage his peasants to tie them to Russia, but he miscalculated. In the following decades, thanks to intensive organic work, most peasants were acquired for the origin of Poland's independence.
Previous entry from our calendar is available Here..
