Anniversary of the celebration of Władysław Gomulka as the 1st Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party.
Today in our calendar we will look at events in the Polish People's Republic after the death of Joseph Stalin.
The thaw that occurred in the ZSRS after Stalin's death moved to his satellite countries. In the Polish People's Republic, this meant a shock in organization management, especially after the celebrated Khrushchev's report. There was widespread fear of judging erstwhile Stalinist crimes and penalties for the guilty. There was a divided of the organization into 2 parties: the alleged Puławian and the Natolinians. In common language, curious in calling themselves Jews and Chamami.
The Pullings (Jews) attacked the Natolins (Chams) that they, as a lower staff, tortured people in the 1940s. Chamy, on the another hand, attacked the Jews, claiming that they did, but on the basis of their orders, due to the fact that the Jews held the highest positions. The advantage, mainly thanks to Moscow's support, was gained by the Natolinians. On the way to full power, they began preaching the slogans of the trial with Zionist communities. The conflict in the bosom of the ultimate leadership of the organization led to the disassembling of the state apparatus.
The broadcasts of the Polish section of the "Free Europe" radio, which was given from the West Germany, besides contributed to this. They revealed Communist crimes and compromising details of the lives of the highest dignitaries. The signal for change was Bierut's mysterious death on March 12, 1956, during his visit to Moscow. And the secretary became Edward Ochabwho in agreement with Moscow decided to rehabilitate Władysław Gomulka.
Soon, “the Wiesław Association” was reinstated with organization cards and invited to the leadership of the PZPR, but did not agree to enter the Central Committee for a position another than the highest, or First Secretary.
Fractional struggles and weakening of power have unleashed Polish people's hopes of softening panic and free change. As early as March 1956, the communists decided on an amnesty that included about 7,000 political prisoners. The most discredited officials of the Ministry of safety and Justice were besides removed. The meekness of change did not satisfy the society, who was increasingly affected by a low standard of living, conditioned by a mistaken economical policy.
During the June global fair in Poznań, there was a mass detonation of discontent. Workers demanded the payment of outstanding wages and the liberalisation of the system. After unsuccessful attempts at conversation, the communists directed the military against the demonstrators. Over 70 people died. The societies of another satellite countries of the russian Union have been solidarity with Poles.
In Hungary, even the uprising took place, as part of the thaw, he gained the power of the patriot Imre Nagy, who began to lead a politics independent of Moscow. While the Soviets could have agreed to partially loosened the collar, they did not intend to let Nagy to leave the communist camp. The Warsaw Pact troops entered Hungary, which had bloodyly dealt with the unfortunate reformers. In combat, more than 3,000 soldiers and civilians lost their lives. Moscow's obedient Janos Kadar took over the country.
Although the russian Union has defended its sphere of influence, it has lost its global prestige. Hungarian intervention caused a mass outflow of members from abroad communist parties. Moscow began to be regarded as the creator of the distorted and falsified version of the Marxist idea.
The Poznań rebellion of June 1956 was suppressed, and the case was silenced in the media. Protesters were called provokers and lunatics, related to imperialist centres and local reaction. Nevertheless, the fact about events spread widely throughout the country. It was widely demanded that the guilty be punished and, above all, that real changes be made in the way the state is governed. On October 19, 1956, the 8th plenary gathering of the KC PZPR, accompanied by many social ages, began.
Their participants demanded, among others, entrusting the leadership of the organization to Władysław Gomulka. He was regarded as a patriot and a average man as being repressed in Stalinist times, who would undertake a strategy improvement mission, especially the weakening of the apparatus of repression. afraid about the events in Poland, Moscow put her army on alert. However, the Hungarian script was not repeated as the case was resolved differently.
On 19 October, a russian delegation with Nikita Khrushchev arrived in Warsaw. After talking to Gomułka and being aware of national issues, the “ Wiesław” Association was considered by the Soviets to be a individual who would safe Moscow's interests over the Vistula River. It is so no wonder that on 21 October, he was chosen and the secretary of the KC PZPR. On the wave of genuine social enthusiasm, partial liberalisation of the strategy was started.
First of all, repression against the Catholic Church was eased and Primate Wyszyński was freed. As a russian model, any Stalinist victims were rehabilitated and even brought to justice by any overzealous ures. In relations with the russian Union, legal position of the branches stationed in Poland was regulated, and more equal than in Bierut's era, economical agreements were concluded.
Soviet marshal Konstanty Rokossowski was dismissed as Minister of National Defence and Deputy Prime Minister. respective Stalinist ideas specified as forced agricultural cooperatives and ZMP were removed. The second was replaced by a little extremist Union of Socialist Youth (ZMS) and was allowed to reactivate conventional scouting. In culture there was a departure from social realism, and many artists gained greater creative freedom.
Some organizations and associations, e.g. Warsaw Klub Krzywa Koła, were formed. As part of the thaw, slowing was reactivated in the country. In 1961, on the basis of the Club of Curvy Wheels, the Masonic Lodge “Copernik” was renovated. Mieczysław Bartoszkiewicz, Jan Józef Lipski, Jan Kielanowski, Edward Lipiński and Jan Olszewski were active.
In the long run, the changes proved to be only cosmetic, and after stabilising the situation, the authorities returned to old methods. In 1970, there was another solstice and overthrow of Gomulka's crew.
Previous entry from our calendar is available Here.
