Riposta for text ‘Saw, not Schneideremühl’ The Industrial Sands.
Pomerania – historical drawing
The area of present Pomerania has been inhabited since the Stone Age. In the 8th - 6th century BC, Lusatia culture carriers expanded their settlement area along Oders to the Baltic Sea coast.
Since the 5th century Western Pomerania belonged to the Germanic culture of Jastorf. Ancient authors around the turn of the century mention Rugians. In the seventh century B.C.E. west of the mouth of the Vistula River, there was a Pomeranian facial urn culture. This culture later expanded to a large part of the Nadwiślan area. From around 100 BC, the Goths migrated to the area of the Vistula.
Their traces, the Wilbar culture, indicate a mixed culture of Nordic and another elements. any of the Goths began to migrate southeast as early as 200 C.E. During the peoples' journey, many Germanic peoples left the lands south of the Baltic between the 4th and 6th centuries of our era.
Germany in Pomerania – “Germanization”?
"Under Prussian rule, the Saw was heavy Germanized. The German settlement in advancement has led to a serious demographic advantage over the indigenous Polish population.” – writes Przemysław Piasta.
Around 1200 the German settlement ended at the western and confederate borders of all Pomerania. But there were besides exceptions, due to the fact that as early as 1173 there was evidence of German farmers in the vicinity of the Kolbatz monastery, and a fewer years later besides German merchants and traders in Stettin (Szczecin).
The actual migration of Germans began only in the second 4th of the 13th century. 2 streams can be distinguished. The first 1 went eastward, along the coast through Mecklenburg and West Pomerania, through the islands of Uznam and Wollin, and further along the rear coast of Pomerania. This was the way followed by settlers from Lower Saxony, Westphalia and Holstein who brought with them the Lubuskie law, the Lower Saxony farm, where the homesteads were situated along 1 road. People following this trend initially settled mainly in the Duke of Rügen, for which the tribal treaty of 24 November 1221 concluded between the prince Vislav I from Rügen and Bishop Schwerin. Following the Duchy of Rügen in this settlement movement, the partial principality went. Warcislava III and Hinterpommern (Rear Pomerania, present called Western Pomerania).
The second decision ended in the Dominion Barnima I and was powered by the foothills of the Harz Mountains, the Magdeburg Archbishopate, Altmark and Brandenburg, he built a mixed form of the Central-German-Donosacon-Market homestead and preferred the Angiian villages, where the homesteads were situated around the extended agrarian greenery.
Since then, the Magdeburg law has been in force. The German migration was peaceful and included all classes: merchants and craftsmen in cities, peasants and nobles.
Where is this “germanization”?
Already in Slavic times there were buying centres (‘Vicus’), a typical example of which is an crucial Ralswiek on the island of Rügen. Cities in the German legal sense had their own legal territory with their own jurisdiction and administration. They were administrative, commercial and economical centres for surrounding flat agrarian areas. Most of them developed alongside Slavic settlements and followed the west-east trade way from Lubeka to Gdańsk, or trade routes to Nowa Marchia and Poland.
Initially, rulers in the Duchy of Rügen founded respective cities in the meaning described above: Stralsund (1234), Tribsees (c. 1245, no later than 1267), Barth (1255), Damgarten (1258), Rügenwalde (1271). The Romanian princes sometimes reached far east with the individual towns – Grimmen (c. 1287), Richtenberg (between 1297 and 1351) and Garz in 1319 as a continuation of Ruyendal founded in 1313.
In the Duchy of Pomerania, the most crucial founder of cities became the mentioned Barnim I (1218/19-1278), Duke of Pomerania – Stettin (Szczecin), or since 1264 of the full Pomerania. In 1234, Barnim I favored Prenzlau, while the city of Bahn was created as Templar territory. Szczecin was then granted German city law, or Magdeburg law in 1243. Of the 54 cities on German law, which arose in the mediate Ages in West and Central Pomerania, 44 were founded between 1234 and 1980 and 21 originated from Barnima I.
The coastal towns were endowed with the Lubetian law, those in the hinterland – the Magdeburg law, which then turned into the city law of Szczecin. Szczecin has become the jurisdiction of the cities of its “law”. In the 13th century, many fresh monasteries and conventions were created.
Barnim I founded the Cistercian monasteries in Stettin (Szczecin, before 1243) and Marienfließ (1248), the Canon monastery in Ückermünde (1260, since 1331 in Jasenitz), the Marian monastery in Stettin (Szczecin, 1261), the Augustine hermit monastery in Stargard (c. 1270). Unlike the monastery foundations of the 12th century, these institutions played a very active and crucial function in the fresh settlement of Pomerania.
In parallel with this development, the colonization of the area went. Individual “entrepreneurs” settlers, conducted the settlement of farmers on site. The villages assumed sometimes bore their name, and they themselves usually held an office of lower jurisdiction. The economical strategy of the German peasants, who were all personally free and had to pay only low taxes, was fundamentally different from the economical strategy of their Slavic neighbours and was incomparably more profitable, and so much more interesting for the sovereign, as taxes grew.
Along with the peasants, craftsmen and merchants in Pomerania, German noblemen besides arrived as stewards, mostly from the originally nonfree ministerial class.
In the later years of the first half of the 13th century, German nobles and knights appeared more frequently in the surroundings of the Pomeranian princes than before. On the lands which they received in linen, they settled the peasants as hosts. In the same way, the German nobles held the right to regulation over villages, parts of villages and farms whose residents were obliged to pay tiny claims and supply services to their masters. In the early years of settlement, taxes were even completely discontinued.
The local Slavic nobility frequently moved to areas east of the Oder and even further east, where German settlement activity decreased or was only secondary. The German nobles received land and castles from the sovereign, from which they exercised ventricular rights, that is, lower judiciary and taxation collection to the sovereign.
In the first period of German settlement Germany and Slavs lived in a close neighbourhood, frequently very close. Gradually, however, both groups of the population, including the nobility, were mixed. A fresh German-speaking tribe of Pomeranian was created.
Pomorze as a Prussian state (1815 – 1945) – “Germanization” cannot be seen
The establishment of Pomerania as a state of the Kingdom of Prussia extended to 1818. The full of Pomerania was now part of a modern-rational, tightly and sparingly managed, diverse unitary state, in which renewed enlightened absolutism was restored to the mediate of the century by very capable, liable officials.
The historical territory of Pomerania was expanded to include the districts of Dramburg (Drawsko) and Schivelbein, which previously belonged to Neumark (New Marchia – state of Brandenburg), and its area was about 30,000 square kilometres. The state had just over 680,000 inhabitants. 3 administrative districts were established: Szczecin, Koszalin and Stralsund. agrarian and urban districts were established in their territory in 1818, and in 1825 statutes were given.
Initially there were 2668 agrarian municipalities, the number of which had risen to 405 by 1850 and to 4473 by 1910. Landgemeindeordnung (Rules of Local Government) of 1856 was replaced by fresh regulations in 1891 and reformed in 1928.
By 1855, the population of Pomerania had risen to nearly 1,300,000.
It was not until 1875 that the rules on a representative, uniform provincial parliament were introduced. The authorities liable for the construction of roads, care for the mediocre and social welfare, and any insurance (fire) were created; their competences were greatly expanded by the reforms of the 1970s.
At the head of the province, as a typical of the Crown, he stood Oberpräsident (Chief President) based in the castle in Szczecin, which until 1882 was besides Regierungspräsident (today the president of the State of Szczecin). The most crucial of them was Johann August Sack from Kleve, a town located at the border with the Netherlands over the Lower Rhine, which held this office from 1816 to 1831 and was 1 of the Prussian reformers. The fresh West Pomerania retained its higher court of appeal in Greifswald with 4 subordinate territory courts and respective city courts that were inactive standalone (until 1849).
In 1837, the provincial law of the Duchy of Neuvorpommern and the Principality of Rügen was enshrined until the introduction of the civilian Code in 1900. In erstwhile Prussian areas there were higher territory courts in Szczecin and Koszalin. Among them, 45 municipal, castle, court, and Burgundy courts served justice.
In 1879 the judicial strategy was reorganized in accordance with the applicable imperial laws. Pomorze received a higher territory court in Szczecin. Under it, 5 territory courts (Greifswald, Szczecin, Stargard, Koszalin, Słupsk) were established as courts of the second instance, in which 59 territory courts functioned as courts of the first instance; each region town had at least 1 territory court (since 1912).
Initially, the Church in Pomerania was headed by the general superintendents in Szczecin and Greifswald and the consistory in Szczecin, whose president was the Ordinary. Only after the death of the last general superintendent for the Swedish West Pomerania in 1824, in 1828 this part of the state was besides under the authority of the general superintendent in Szczecin. As in all Prussia, the Lutheran and Reformed Union was besides introduced in Pomerania; in 1822 a fresh Agenda was issued, which despite the opposition of part of the Lutheran was introduced with additions for Pomerania in all congregations in 1829.
Since that same time, however, the pietystic revival movement has spread, which has found its spiritual center in the conference Adolf Ferdinand v. Thadden On Trieglaff. From c. 1835 to 1850, Lutheran believers separated from the Unity Church and formed the Old Lutheran congregations. There were 55 church districts in the Unity Church itself (according to the state of 1911); each of them was headed by a superintendent, with over 800 pastorates. In 1860 the Prussian Congregational Order was introduced, and the territory Synods in 1862. Pomerania was the most Protestant state in Prussia. The number of Roman Catholics rose from little than 1% in 1843 to good 3% in 1910. In 1843 there were 7,800 Jews here. The Church and the Consistor contributed to a considerable increase in education and culture in Pomerania.
In 1825 a provincial school college was established, which was liable for higher education, and in 1845 it was separated from the consistory. In the same year, the school work was besides introduced in the fresh West Pomerania. Already in 1824 the Society for the past and Antiquity of Pomerania was established on the initiative of Sack.. The University of Greifswald, which in the past had to frequently persist in the shadow of Uppsala and Lund, had only 70 students and 11 professors in 1815, but was now the oldest university in Prussian land and developed successfully.
In the 19th and 20th centuries Pomorze had the model education of theologians and teachers for all Prussia and Germany. The medical department in Greifswald and his clinics did not yield much in Berlin. In the Philosopher's Department, for example, outstanding, first-class philologists and philosophers taught Scandinavians (Nordic Institute since 1918).
Despite, or precisely due to good reputation, Greifswald School was for many scholars a transit station to Berlin. In 1857 a city painting gallery was established in Szczecin, the predecessor of the museum on Hakenterrasse, and in 1858 the Provincial Museum for Nowy Pomerania and Rugia was established in Stralsund. The theatres existed in Szczecin (the theatre since 1849), Greifswald, Stralsund (since 1776), Koszalin and Stargard. Cultural and artistic life in cities was besides supported by many merchant houses, and in the countryside many manors, specified as the von der Osten Plathe Castle with a immense private library and collections.
As a consequence of the centuries-old peasant settlement Pomerania was a land of large estates (over 100 ha) which accounted for almost 60% of agricultural and forestry land; in Neuvorpommern it was up to 70%. The large estates were mostly in the hands of the nobility, which accounted for 1% of the population. Pomorze was the most crucial and most crucial agricultural state in Prussia, and indeed in the German Empire. In the early 19th century, three-field farming was replaced by field grass farming and the Brandenburg equestrian farming (Hinterpommern, present West Pomerania).
Pomerania, which was determined by agriculture, besides gradually benefited from belonging to Prussia, and thus from the leadership in the German Customs Union of 1834. The Szczecin Stock Exchange was built in 1836. From 1843 there was a railway line from Berlin to Szczecin, which had a regular express connection to Berlin. In 1863 Stralsund was connected by rail to Berlin. Szczecin later besides had direct rail connections with Gdańsk, Poznań (since 1848) and Wrocław (1856, by Poznań). In 1908, Pomerania measured about 2,000 km of railway, supplemented by a good 1,300 km of tiny railways. In 1909 he began moving a railway ferry between Saßnitz and Trelleborg, connecting Berlin to Stockholm. The Berlin-Szczecin shipping way was completed in 1914. Already in 1836, the Szczecin shipping company was considered the largest in all German ports.
Szczecin received a free port in 1898 and at the beginning of our century it had the 3rd largest German port, behind Hamburg and Bremen. Only in the Szczecin area, which had the most modern timing station in Europe around 1900, developed any notable industry. An example may be the Vulkan shipyard in Szczecin, which produced ships and locomotives (1906: 6500 workers). In addition, sugar, bricks, cement, paper, soap and perfume factories, distilleries, mills, and bicycle and sewing machines worked here.
Postwar Crash
During planet War I, the economical strength of Pomerania declined rapidly in all areas. The German Empire and its allies lost planet War I and the German Emperor and King of Prussia Wilhelm II On November 9, 1918, he left the Reich and left by train to the Netherlands. His villa in Doorn, Utrecht, serves as a museum today.
The German Reich and Prussia became republics and as a form of government they received parliamentary democracy. The fresh rulers had to accept the dictatorship of the victorious powers in Versailles.
Pomerania became a border area from day to day with the creation of a corridor for the rebuilding Poland, which separated East Prussia from the Reich. The state and its capital lost a large part of its trading partners, but Szczecin managed to keep the position of the 3rd largest German port. Despite any revolutionary unrest in any Pomeranian cities, after 1918, as in the full 19th century, the strongest political organization remained Conservatives, now organized in Deutschnationale Volkspartei. In 1930 it was overtaken by the national socialists whose leader Adolf Hitler He came to power on 30 January 1933 and who besides gained a majority in the provincial parliament in March 1933.
Schneideremühl in Pomerania – not only on the map
In 1932, as part of the then Prussian administrative reform, a tiny administrative territory of Stralsund was dissolved and it was annexed to the territory of Szczecin, and from 1939 to 1945 there was another fresh administrative territory based in Schneideremühl (Pila), consisting of 5 districts of the erstwhile Prussian state Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen, erstwhile Brandenburg counties Arnswalde and Friedeberg and Neustettin counties (Szczecinek) and Dramburg (Drawsko), which were already Pomeranian. At that time, Pomerania measured 39,409 square kilometers and had almost 3 million inhabitants in 1939.
Regierungsbezirk Schneideremühl – the Pilska district
The Pilsk region (until 1938 German. Regierungsbezirk Schneideremühl, 1938–1945 Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen) is simply a Prussian and German administrative unit existing in the state of Marchia Graniczna Poznańsko-Westioptruska (1918–1938) and Pomerania (1938–1945).
Following the dissolution of Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen state in 1938, it lost 4 districts in 2 more confederate areas to the provinces of Silesia and Brandenburg, but was enlarged by 4 districts to include its northern sub-area, renamed Regierungsbezirk Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen and incorporated in the state of Pomerania / Provinz Pommern.
The state of Pomerania/ Provinz Pommern, located in the North German Lowland, was a state of Prussia formed in 1815 after the Vienna legislature of the Duchy of Pomerania and the north-eastern part of fresh March. It consisted of Vorpommern, present Mecklenburg – Vorpommern, which lay west of Oder, and Hinterpommern – present West Pomerania.
Schneideremühl (Saw)
The saw was most likely established in 1380 and as a town it was listed in a paper dated 1451. In 1513, Piła obtained German city rights.
In 1626 Schneideremühl (Piła) was very destroyed by a large fire that broke out close the old Catholic church and so rapidly spread that the town's owner, Queen Austria, instructed her secretary Samuel Tariowski carrying out fresh urban reconstruction plans.
The reconstruction plan was to decision the city centre from the Old marketplace Square to the fresh marketplace Square, which was to be rebuilt. The fresh marketplace Square was almost square in form and started with 5 streets. The town hall was to be built in its center. This redesign to this day mostly characterises the city's landscape. On the occasion of this reconstruction, the Jews, whose homes were previously scattered throughout the city, received a separate residential district, Judenviertel (Jewish fyrtel).
With the establishment of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 The saw temporarily went under Polish rule. The urban hill remained Prussian. Following the 1807 border demarcation, the border areas of Wielkopolska north of the city did not belong after the Vienna legislature to the Prussian state of Posen, but to the state of West Prussia, and from 1829 to 1878 to the state of Prussia. After the Vienna Congress, Schneideremühl (Piła) belonged to the territory of Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) in the Prussian state of Posen (Poznań).
The city's considerable boom came with the beginning of the Prussian east Railway in 1851. Here the main line, initially leaving Łukatz (only from 1866 from Berlin), branched in the first (July 1851) completed the branch to Bromberg (Bydgoszcz), which was later extended by Thorn (Torun) to East Prussia, and opened a year later (August 1852) the main line via Dirschau (Tczew) to Königsberg (Kingewiec). Due to its central location in the railway network of north-eastern Germany, the Schneidemühl railway node became the site of the Ostbahn railway renovation and later Deutsche Reichsbahn.
Many industrial plants besides settled here thanks to good rail connections. The city was in a state of continuous economical growth. In the early 20th century, Schneideremühl had 3 Protestant churches, a Catholic church, a Protestant community church, a synagogue, a junior advanced school, a seminary for teachers, a territory court and a number of factories and production facilities. Between 1913 and 1914, 1 of the largest aircraft factories in the German Empire – Ostdeutsche Albatros Werke (OAW) was a subsidiary of Albatros Flugzeugwerke in Johannisthal close Ber.
The first German Catholic parish founded here Johan Tscherski (1813 – 1893) in 1844. He came from a tiny noble household from Kociewi. He was educated at the Royal Catholic Secondary School in Chojnice and St Mary Magdalene advanced School in Poznań. As a advanced school student, he showed large interest in theology and library. He conducted theological discussions with his professors, for which he was removed from school in Chojnice. He graduated from a higher spiritual seminary in Poznań. During his philosophical-theological studies, he became known as a persistent investigator and author of papers on the explanation of Bible content. In 1842 he accepted priestly ordination and became a priest of the Archdiocese of Poznań-Gniezno. From 1842 to 1844 he worked as a vicar at the cathedral in Poznań (1842), then in Roman Catholic parishes in Wirach (1843) and in Pile (1844). He was a sympathetic German theologian Anton Theiner and Johannes Rongego and 1 of the realists of the thought of the Catholic German Church. For his pulpited views he met the critical position of his superiors. They besides resented his attitude on celibacy.
In 1844 he was sent as a vicar to the parish at the church of St John the Baptist and John the Evangelist in Pile. Here for a clear life in a relation with a distant relative, Marianna GutowskaHe's been suspended. So he abandoned his service in the Roman Catholic Church and applied for the anticipation of a marriage. Johan Tscherski and Marianna Gutowska married in early 1845. It was given by the pastor Karl Grützmacherwho was the parish priest of the Lutheran parish in Pila.
In 1845 Johan Tscherski formally broke up with the Catholic Church and organized an independent spiritual commune in Pile. He was punished with excommunication. He was a associate of the separatist synod in Leipzig, where the German Apostolic-Catholic Church called the German-Catholic Church was established. He was 1 of the leaders of this community. He developed church ordination of this confession.
Who demolished the city?
"On February 14, 1945, Red Army soldiers entered the ruins of Schneideremühl, ending the town's short story. A fistful of local Poles and fresh residents began to lift Piła from the rubble” – writes Przemysław Piasta.
As of August 11, 1944, the population of the city was called upon to build defensive fortifications in forests on the confederate and east outskirts of the city. The structures of the Todt Organization and thousands of construction workers from Pomerania were utilized to build armour trenches. The Reich School home was converted into a military infirmary of the Todt Organization. The fortress building staff was located in the 4th Municipal School. After the Saw was announced, emergency wells were drilled to supply drinking water and food supplies, adequate for 25,000 to 30,000 people for about a 4th of a year.
On January 26, 1945, russian troops occupied the city centre, the railway station being under artillery fire. After the last train left the city on 26 January, shortly after the railway was interrupted, a conflict for the city broke out. On January 31, russian troops managed to orbit Piła. By 10 February, the Ju-52 aircraft could have landed at the airport of the erstwhile Albatroswerke at Krojanker Straße all night and carried out wounded and civilians. Then this connection to the outside planet besides failed.
Commandant Heinrich Remlinger (1913-1951) had about 22,000 men at his disposal to defend the city, but any of them were only poorly trained and did not have dense weapons, including Volkssturm units. An effort to break out of the lap failed, and with dawn on February 14, the final conflict for the city began. The carpet raids carried out on 13–14 February 1945 by the British Air Force (Royal Air Force) and the American (United States Army Air Forces) on Dresden did not miss the Saw either. The American B-17 and the RAF Lancasters practically completely destroyed the center of the old town.
At the end of planet War II, 75% of the city was destroyed, at the center of about 90% of all buildings.
Liberation?
‘What were their German neighbors doing at the time? These pious, decent and hardworking people surviving in Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen Province, who later, for decades, could not get over their “exiles”, enthusiastically supported Adolf Hitler in his march to power. Then they besides enthusiastically supported the attack on Polish neighbours and the policy of their physical extermination" – wrote Przemysław Piasta.
After the war ended, in the summertime of 1945 The saw was handed over by the russian occupier to the temporary Polish administration, in accordance with the Polish agreement. The majority of German residents were then displaced by local, temporary, Polish administrative authorities. Unfortunately, contrary to what Mr. Piasta here is trying to convince the reader, the Red Army or the Polish Army no 1 was waiting, nor greeted with flowers. Information about the savagery and animalization of russian soldiers aroused the fear and panic of the local community.
As shortly as the Wal Pomorski was breached, civilian persecution began. Rape, pulling hair out of the house, even of aged women, was a common phenomenon in the period of “liberation”. opposition to rape ended in death.
Persecuting and terrorizing the indigenous community, destroying homes and farms, were regular bread. The "liberation" thus had a bitter and very frequently tart taste of blood and death. What happened during the “liberation” can be found, for example, in the book A female in Berlin. 1945 records Anonymous.
German women were imprisoned in their homes and basements after the Red Army entered. Their regular life was hunger, thirst, and fear. Multiple and collective rapes. Violent violence, German women who, despite the gehenny, remained mostly strong and honorable. Each in its own way struggled to last among Red Army soldiers who abused alcohol and had problem maintaining interior discipline and individual hygiene. German women had to fight for a dignified existence or death. The scenes described in this book are actual for Berlin, but in Pomerania the beastdom of the Soviets did not yield anything to the Mongol hordes that occupied the capital of the 3rd Reich.
The reader can read about what happened in Pile or Zlotów or another cities in Pomerania, for example, in works Jürgen von Wilckens (from Sypniewa, the municipality of Więcbork, Kujawy – Pomeranian province). besides valued goldsmith historian Prof. Joachim Zdrenka, lecturer at the University of Zielona Góra, or prof. Jerzy Kłoskowski, the longtime manager of the Museum of Złotowska Land, a postgraduate of the Prussian Secondary School in Tuchola will surely realize the past of those events.
Expulsion in accordance with the rule of “ethnically pure national state”
After the war, the systematic expulsion of Germans from the erstwhile German east areas began. Since April 1945, the fresh Polish authorities have driven out the resident German population, even before the August conference of the Poczdamska sanctioned “wild exiles” as a “ordered transfer of the German population” from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Despite this, many crimes have occurred on the German civilian population. The northern part of East Prussia around Körewiec was now under russian administration.
Southern East Prussia, Pomerania, Neumark-Brandenburg and Silesia were under russian business region controlled straight from Moscow. Poles justified the expulsion of the rule of a "ethnically pure national state". So, apart from Polish communists, the bourgeois Polish government on emigration in London besides demanded the preservation of these areas without the German population. Furthermore, Poland was to receive compensation for territorial losses at the Ukrainian and Belarusian borders at the expense of the German territory in order to be able to accept Poles forcibly displaced from there.
The Allies decided to decision the Polish state to the west in the fall of 1943 at a war conference in Tehran. It was the consequence of Stalin's refusal to reverse the shift of Poland's borders provided for in the 1939 Hitler-Stalin Pact and to let the Polish State to be re-established within the limits of 1939. More than 17 million Germans lived in east provinces before the war, as well as in Poland, the Baltic States, Gdańsk, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania.
When planet War II officially ended on May 8, 1945, about half of the then-counted 15 million German population in the east provinces was west of Oder and Nysa. From 1944 to 1950, 12 to 18 million Germans were affected by the escape and exile from the erstwhile east lands – the estimates of historians are different. As many as 600 000 of them died in the process.
On the another hand, many expulsions and violent actions were besides controlled and systematically carried out to make a favorable starting position to form postwar order.
Since the claims of the victorious russian Union to the Polish east lands were unequivocal, the alleged "territories recovered" until Oder and Nysa were to be cleared of the German population as far as possible. Poles from the East who had already arrived in the summertime of 1945 were to be resettled there. With the closure of the border for returners and expulsions, facts arose for the final determination of the Polish-German border.
About 2 and a half million Germans remained in their homeland and were sometimes subjected to severe repression. respective 100 1000 were imprisoned in mines camps. Consent, Potulika, Oświęcim, or had to do forced labor. Without compensation, private property of East and Sudetian Germans was confiscated, as well as German public and church property.
Potsdam Conference and forced resettlement (1946-1947)
Exiles were yet sanctioned legally at the Potsdam winning powers conference at the turn of July and August 1945. This was the beginning of mass expulsions, for which the Allies had already been broadly in agreement since the Tehran (1943) and Yalta conference (February 1945). The emigration governments of Poland, Czechoslovakia and another countries besides decided to drive out national minorities in the face of the German business and the increasingly extremist war.
The PPA provided that the German population should be resettled to Germany in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. "ordered and humanitarian way". The Allies explicitly referred to the Treaty of Lozai and the National Socialist Programme House in the Reich(Heim ins Reich) which were a model for population transfers on specified a scale.
When forced resettlement began according to the plan set by the Allies, more than half a million people had already left the fresh areas of Poland – more or little voluntarily. As of February 1946, the state-organized transports to Germany began. Despite efforts by the Allies to keep minimum humanitarian standards, they have frequently been characterised by serious shortages in supply and hygiene, and sometimes violence, assaults and looting.
The situation of the German population and the forced resettlement process varied from region to region. There have been travel restrictions in any places, the work to bear recognition marks or ID cards, or the exclusion from social benefits. At times, imprisonment and forced labour preceded deportation. Force and pressure, e.g. on food supplies, caused many to leave for Germany earlier. Deportation was frequently an chance for impunity-free looting. Elsewhere the Germans were protected from robberies by neighbors, and even by russian soldiers.
In many cases, arbitrariness and inconsistency prevailed erstwhile determining who should be expelled and who could remain. Among another things, strong regional identities and a deficiency of national awareness – the consequences of long existence on the multiethnic and multicultural borderline – were a serious problem in establishing "verification" of Polish nationality, which could even affect discrimination against non-German people surviving there for a long time.
At times, trains imported respective 1000 people from areas east of Oder and Nysa into British or russian business zones. Their acceptance sometimes overburdened the authorities destroyed by the German war, so that resettlement had to be interrupted respective times.
The full number of Germans who fled, evacuated, disembarked and relocated from the region east of Oder and Nysa most likely amounted to about 10 million people. However, precise calculations cannot be reproduced with certainty due to the multitude of resettlement movements, escapes and deportations since the beginning of the war, chaotic circumstances, and, frequently under the influence of political interests, various figures and methods of research.
The most crucial areas of origin were areas belonging to the German Reich: Western Prussia, Pomerania, Nowa Marchia, East Brandenburg and Silesia; areas with German minorities belonging to Poland, advanced Silesia before the war; in addition, the city of Gdańsk and the areas of East Prussia and Baltic countries belonging to the russian Union at that time.
By 1947, most of the forced displacements were completed; any smaller transports took place until 1949. However, in any areas of post-war Poland, especially in Silesia, a large German number remained, with a full of about 1 million people.
Forced displacement of the German population from areas east of Oder and Nysa
Forced displacement of German population from Poland and erstwhile east provinces The Reichs at the end of the war affected the largest number of people.
The area from which the German population was expelled was resettled from the erstwhile Polish east and Vilnius lands and homeless erstwhile forced workers after the war. In the erstwhile Polish, now russian areas in the east mostly Belarusians and Ukrainians were settled.
The most crucial motives for expelling the Germans were accusations that the German number served as an excuse to attack and co-operate with national socialists. This was linked to the thought that ethnically homogeneous national states are a better basis for peace and stability.
Territorial claims resulting from the existence of minorities should no longer be in the future. Expulsions and forced resettlement were so supported and perceived as essential by most of the Polish population and management, but besides by Allied governments.
These events so besides fall within the tradition of state-organised displacements of ethnically defined national minorities, which penetrate the first half of the 20th century.
Since erstwhile is Schneideremühl abroad?
In his text "Piła, not Schneideremühl" ("Think Poland", No. 9-10, 27.02-7.03.20202) ed. The sand cites a completely incorrect statement: ‘77 years ago, February 14, 1945, Saw became part of the Polish state again”.
After the surrender of the Wehrmacht on 8 May1945 and the Potsdam Conference on 7 July – 2 September 1945 in Schloss Cecilienhof, Potsdam, Germany was divided into business zones. east Brandenburg, East and West Prussia, Pomeranian state or yet Silesia were located in the russian business zone.
According to the provisions of the Poczdam Agreements, temporary boundaries were set in Oder and Nysa, where initially present Szczecin, which is west of Odra, was within Germany. Only after the protests of fresh citizens from east Borders and looters from central Poland the city was annexed to the russian business zone.
Since 1949, there have been 2 German states, but even then, it was disputed whether the German Reich would proceed to be in those countries (or at least in the national Republic) from the point of view of global law, i.e. whether the national Republic would be able to conclude a peace treaty for the German Reich at all.
At any point global law interpreted that yes, it would be possible. But then the problem arose: if the national Republic had concluded a peace treaty, the GDR would not have accepted it. Initially, the GDR besides insisted on concluding a peace treaty, but with 2 German states, which in turn was unacceptable to the national republic.
"In the case of border change, global law says that state borders are indeed a valuable asset under global law and as specified are protected, especially from the usage of force. But in principle, there is no prohibition in global law that the state, within the framework of the peace treaty, will delegate territories that previously belonged to it. Under global law, specified withdrawal is called an empire. The key issue is that the transfer of territory must be compatible. Then specified a territorial arrangement is possible. By agreement between the ceding State of the territory and the State to which it is now to belong’ – says Prof. Claus KreßFrom the University of Cologne.
With the entry into force of the 2 Plus Treaty, the 4 12 September 1990 and the Treaty on the confirmation of borders with Poland of 14 November 1990, the erstwhile German east territories were formally freed from German sovereignty. However, the national Constitutional Court and the national Administrative Court respectively ruled on 5 June 1992 and 4 May 1999 that this was not retroactive and that these territories should be considered German between 1945 and 1990.
These facts, binding in the light of global law and thus binding internationally, cannot be disregarded.
‘German River’ as an entity of global law
The national Constitutional Court has consistently held that ‘The German Government as an entity of global law has not ceased to be and the national Republic of Germany is not its successor, but is identical to it as an entity of global law’.
This was stated by the national government in its answer (18/5178) to the question of the parliamentary group Die Linke concerning the 1945 Pom-dam contract (18/5033).
Born in Pile? – No, in Schneideremühl!
The Hagen territory Court (NRW) ruling on proceedings against paragraphs 12 and 15 of the individual position Act (PStG) of 1 April 1981 states: ‘If the place of conclusion of matrimony or birth is in part of the Polish People's Republic of Poland formerly part of the territory of the German Reich, the German name should be entered in the household registry without adding the Polish name” (Act No. 44 III 38/80). This corresponds to paragraph 60(2) of the Instructions for civilian State Officials (Standesamt) and is besides in accordance with global law.
Similarly, she recognised the Conference of Ministers of the Interior and Senators of the Union Countries in Hannover, on 22-23 April 2013 on the naming of localities previously owned by the German Reich (file No. 4 20105 2012).
The working group of the aforementioned ministers and senators unanimously advocated German naming and so for Wrocław – mostly accepted Breslau, Gdańsk – Danzig, or Pila – Schneiderühl. In the event of a problem with the exact recognition of the place of birth, the geographical location or administrative word is used: Pommern, Oberschlesien or Ostpreußen, e.g. Flatow / Pommern.
German names can be utilized in identity documents, besides at the explicit command of the individual applying for a German passport, for example, or for the issue of a German citizenship paper (Statasnagehörigkteitsausweis).
In a somewhat late run to the text red. The Przemysław Piasty, I presented stories, facts, as they are in reality, not as we would like them to be.
Matthäus Golla
Literature:
Statistisches Bureau zu Berlin (Hrsg.): „Beiträge zur Statistik des preußischen Staats.“ Duncker & Humbolt, Berlin 1821
Julius Heinrich Biesner: “Geschichte von Pommern und Rügen nebst angehängter Specialgeschichte des Klosters Eldena”. Greifswald 1839. (online)
Heinrich Berghaus: “Landbuch des Herzogtums Pommern und des Fürstentums Rügen”.
Hermann Hoogieweg: “Die Stifter und Klöster der Provinz Pommern.” Zwei Bände. Léon Saunier, Stettin 1924 und 1925.
Johann Georg Heinrich Hassel (Bearb.): "Volllständige und neueste Erdbeschreibung der Preußischen Monarchie und des Freistaates Krakau.“ Geographicisches Institut, Weimar 1819,
Gerhard Köbler: „Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territoryn vom Mittellalter bis zur Gegenwart“. 7., vollständig überarbeite Auflage. C.H. Beck, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54986-1.
Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi (Hrsg.): “Erdbeschreibung der Preußischen Monarchie.“ Band 3, Halle 1794, S. 523–923. (online)
Dirk Mellies: „Modernisierung in der preußischen Provinz? Der Regierungsbezirk Stettin im. Jahrhundert“ (= Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft. Band 201). Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-525-37023-0.
Friedrich von Restorff: "Topographische Beschreibung der Provinz Pommern mit einer statistischen Übersicht." Nicolai, Berlin und Stettin 1827
Berthold Schulze: "Die improvement der Verwaltungsbezirke in Brandenburg und Pommern 1809–1818", Berlin 1931.
Otto Sommer: "Die Provinz Pommern" (Landeskunde Preußens, Bd. 10). W. Spemann, Stuttgart und Berlin, 2nd Aufl. 1913.
Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann (Hrsg.): “Pommern im 19. Jahrhundert. Staatliche und geselschaftliche Entwicklung in vergleichender Perspective“ , Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern. Band 43). Köln u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-22806-4.
Prof. A. L. Hickmann’s:‘Geographisch-statistischer Taschen-Atlas des Deutsches Reichs’, Leipzig und Wien 1897
"F. W. Putzgers Historischer Schul-Atlas", Verlag von Velhagen & Klasing, 1902
„Post-Taschen-Atlas von Deutschland nebst Ortsverzeichnis“, Th. Pfuhl, Berlin, 1906
„Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon“ 6. Auflage in 20 Bänden, Bibliographyisches Institut Leipzig und Wien, 1905-1911
"Petzolds Gemeinde- und Ortslexikon des Deutschen Reiches", Band 1 und 2, Bischofswerda (Sachsen), 1911
„Schwarzbuch der Vertreibung 1945-1948: Das letzte Kapitel unbewältigter Vergangenheit“ von Heinz Nawratil, Universitas 2007
"Vertrieben – und vergessen? – Pommern in der deutschen und europäischen Geschichte“ – Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung. Herausgeben von der Pommerschen Landsmannschaft – Landesgruppe Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V.
"Documentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost – Mitteleuropa" Herausgeben vom Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegesschädigte, Berlin ́1957
Oscar Eggert:‘Geschichte Pommerns“,Herausgeben von der Pommerschen Landsmannschaft (Pommerscher Zentralverband e.V., Hamburg 13, Johannesalle 18) ISBN – Nummer: 3 -9800036
„Heimat im Herzen – Wir Pommern“ – Herausgeben von Karlheinz Gehrmann, 1951 Wien / Salzburg
„Die Eroberung Pommerns durch die Rote Armee“ Erich Murawski, Harald Boldt Verlag – Boppard am Rhein
"Die groß Not – Danzig-Westpreussen 1945" Hans Jürgen von Wilckens. Niederdeutscher Verlag, 1957, Leinen
„Deutschland deine Pommern – Wahrheiten, Lügen und schlitzohriges Gerade“ Hans Werner Richter, Konrad Reich Verlag, Rostock 1990, ISBN: 3 – 86167 -020 -8
"Pommersche Passion" Hans Edgar Jahn, Ernst Grerdes Verlag – Preetz/Holstein 1964
Prof. Claus Kreß, Universität Köln, 28.1.2022 hours16:05 in SWR2 Impulse, SWR2
Aviation past of Pilsian Land 1910-1945" Mateusz Kabatek, Fr Robert Kulczyński SDB
Prof. Joachim Zdrenka "Foreign Policy of the Dukes of Szczecin from 1295 to 1411", Poznań-Słupsk 1987.
Prof Joachim Zdrenka "Golden / Flatow 1370-2020. 650 Jahre der Stadt. Übersetzte und ergänzte Auflage“Torun 2022 ISBN 978-83-8180-659-6
Prof. Joachim Zdrenka „Kreis Flatow am Scheideweg 1918-1922“ Aufzeichnungen von Erich Hoffmann, Gold 2008.
"Woman in Berlin. Entries from 1945" Anonyma
Michael Rademacher: „Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Pommern – Stadtkreis Schneiderühl“. 2006.
Egon Lange: “Grenz- und Regierungsstadt Schneideremühl – Zeittafel zur Geschichte der Stadt Schneideremühl.“ Herausgegeben vom Heimatkreis Schneideremühl e.V., Bielefeld 1998.
Karl Boese: “Geschichte der Stadt Schneidemühl.“ 2. Auflage. Holzner, Würzburg 1965. (1st Auflage. Schneideremühl 1935)
Magistrat [Schneidemühl] (Hrsg.): ‘Schneidemühl, die Hauptstadt der Provinz Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen. Mit einem Vorwort des stellvertretenden Oberbürgermeisters Max Reichardt.“ Das Archiv, Berlin 1930.
- Hildt: „Schneidemühl – Deutsche Architektur-Bücherei“, Berlin 1929.
Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz:
- https://gsta.preussischer-kulturbesitz.de/recherche/geographer-wegweiser/der-osten.html
- https://archivdatenbank.gsta.spk-berlin.de/midosasearch-gsta/MidosaSEARCH/Bestaendeuebersicht/index.htm?kid=GStA_Bestaendeuebersicht_9_3_2
Bundestag:
https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/presse/hib/2015_06/380964-380964
Judgment of the Hagen territory Court (NRW) on proceedings against paragraphs 12 and 15 of the individual position Act (PStG) of 1 April 1981. File No. 44 III 38 / 80
Conference of Ministers of the Interior and Senators of the Union Countries in Hannover, 22-23 April 2013, on the naming of localities previously owned by the German Reich. Case file: IT 4 20105 /20#12.
Buneverfasungsgericht:
– BVerfG 2. legislature 3. Kammern Entscheidungsdatum:
05.06. 1992 Aktenzeichen:
2 BvR 1613/91, 2 BvR 1666/91, 2 BvR 1735/91, 2 BvR 1780/91, 2 BvR 1863/91,2 BvR 1899991, 2 BvR 90/92, 2 BvR122/92, 2 BvR 211/92, 2 BvR 284/92, 2BvR 347/92
Nichtannahmebeschluß: Unzulässigkeit von Verfassungsbeschwerden gegen Zustimungsgesetz zum deutsch-polnischen Grenzvertrag mangels unmittelbarer Betroffenheit – Regelung der territorialen Zuordnung eines Gebietes zu einem Staat – keine Verschlechterung der Eigentumsposition der Vertriebenen – keine verfassungsrechtliche Pflicht zur Schaffung einer Entschädigungsregelung – keine Verletzung des Grundrechts auf Freizügigkeit – keine gleichheitswidrige Benachteiligung der Vertriebenen
- BVerwG 1. legislature Entscheidungsdatum: 04.05.2019
Aktenzeichen: 1 C 1/98
Urteil: Kein Verlust der deutschen Staatsangehörigkeit durch Aussiedlung in polnisch verwalteten Oder-Neiße-Gebieten und Erwerb der polnischen Staatsangehörigkeit; keine virksame Legitimation bei Fehlen diesels Rechtsinstituts im polnischen Recht.
