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Interesting and crucial data on the ancient fates of the European territory of Russia, on the Ptolemy map, are not utilized in our country by universal fame and do not attract the attention they deserve. In order to do this available to a wide scope of persons active in the improvement of Russian antiques, I was able to print for the 11th Archaeological legislature in Kiev, which I dedicate my work in the form of greetings. The University of St. Vladimir, with a simple attention devoted to his work, has provided funds for this publication. In the first chapter of my text, the reader will find an overview of the general information about Ptolemy's geography and an explanation of the main rule of his map of the earth; in the second - a possible comment to 1 of the 10 tables of Ptolemy's Europe: The degree of the grid of the map is drawn according to the first of the 2 proposed Ptolemy's methods of projecting the ball to the plane... Y.K. 12 April 1899

...
Chapter II. Map of European Sarmation

1. Turning to Ptolemy's map within a drawn segment. It was made in accordance with the first of the 2 mentioned Ptolemy methods of projecting the sphere on a plane, i.e. Parallel appear as curved lines, and meridians - consecutive lines coming from 1 centre. From 63g to 43g at latitude and 42 degrees. 73 g. by longitude, our map covers the full eighth table of Europe, i.e. European Sarmation, and bordering with this territory parts of respective another tables of Europe and Asia. Suffice 1 common look to see the difference in the image of regions within the boundaries of the Roman Empire and countries beyond its borders: the similarity of contours to real ones The appearance of these lands on the modern map is reduced by a distance from the borders of the empire. But besides within the boundaries of the Empire, the map has only an approximate form, and there are many errors in it. Note the following:

The lower run of the Danube from the mouth of the River Alunta (Olta) to Aksjopol (Czernowoda) is raised in the northern direction by 1 gr.50 min., bearing in head that in fact this increase is nothing but 25 min. Thus, the Gem (Balkans) mountain scope received a direction that did not correspond to the truth; while in fact it has a direct direction from the west to the east, the Ptolemy map extends from the south-west to the northeast. The Danube run between Aksjopolis and Dinogetia (the Seretian confluence area to the Danube) is tilted by Ptolemy by 1 degree in 10 minutes. The West bearing in head that in reality the Danube flows straight northwards within these limits. As a consequence of this irregularity of the territory, present Dobrunża received a distorted appearance. Inside advanced Mesia, the town of Singidon (Belgrad) is 30 minutes away. west of the town of Tavrun, located on the left bank of Sava. But Tavrun is located in the place of present Zemlina, which lies almost on the same meridian as Belgrade, i.e. Singidon, on the left bank of the Saba River close its mouth, which at Ptolemy is removed from Singidon. Further the western border of the state of Dacia is the Tibiscus River, to which it gives almost a simple current from north to south and shows its fugitive from the Danube close the town of Tricornia, located on the right bank of the Danube close the mouth of the Marga River, or present-day Moravia.

Here, Ptolemy made any mistakes that are caused by the confusion of 2 rivers: Tibiscus, or the stream of Temes and Tizia, now Tissa. The West Roman border The course of this last river was considered to be Dacja due to the fact that we know this from another sources. This is how Ptolemy imagined it, as he did his own business, so he donated his Tibiscus almost a consecutive north-south current, which corresponds to the actual course of Cisa. As for Tibiskus (Temesh), it flows from the east across a wide bend and escapes to the Danube in the space between Singidon and the fugitive Margi, or Moravia. Cisa falls into the Danube almost on the Singidon meridian, but much further north, against the city of Akuminka.

In the same way, on the east border of Dacja there is uncertainty of Ptolemy's Idee which is reflected in the fact that it has asked only 1 tributary of the Danube, flowing from the north, Hyeras. This name bore the ancient Seretium. The city designated to him by Hyeraz forced him to quit this river. flow in the form of an intermittent line that is contrary to reality. Having brought Hyerasus's course closer to Tyras, i.e. Dniestra, Ptolemy did not indicate on his map the place for the next northern tributary of the Danube, the present Prut, which was carried by the ancients is called Piret. According to all probability, in his Hyeras, he merged both rivers, just as west of Dacia merged with 1 Tibiscus and Tisia.
If specified errors were possible on the map of the Roman province, it is apparent that they are far from the empire of the country, inhabited by chaotic areas unknown to Rome, they had to appear with many distortions.

Ptolemy defines the borders of European Sarmation as follows: from the east of Bosfor Kimerian, Meotis, the run of the Tanais River and Asian Sarmatia to unknown lands, which began with 63 grams. N; from the south - Euxinsky Pont, the Roman provinces of Lower Mesia and Dacja, the land of Jazygów-sadnica; from the west - Sarmacké Mountains, Germany and the Vistula run; from the north - the Gulf of Venedzka Sarmacká ocean to 63 degrees. The confederate coast borders of this country have been known to the Greeks for a long time: Greek settlements stretched along the coast, and any of them were flourishing cultural centers, standing in Ptolemy Time in surviving relations with the political center of the world, Rome and depended on it. From Panticapaeum (now Kercz) the penetration of Greek influences on the banks of Meotis and at the mouth of Tanais (Donu) flourished At that time a crucial commercial city of the same name a river that was part of the Bosporan Kingdom, whose capital was Panticapaeum. The unmatched outlines of Meotis and the sky-high expansions of this sea on Ptolemy's map clearly explain: an incorrect simplification in coastal shipping data, which he had at his disposal to map individual coastal points.

Julian Kułakowski. Taurida's past. A Brief past of an essay, Kiev, 1906

2. Within the limits of European Sarmation, Ptolemy maps many rivers, respective mountain ranges, respective cities along rivers falling into the Black Pont Sea and many names of the peoples that inhabited the country. Of the 5 rivers flowing into the Gulf of Venedda, only one, namely Vistula (Wisła), shows 2 points: mouth and springs, for the remainder are indicated only elements falling into the sea. Tanais is known to Ptolemy around the planet Course: he gives the point of his origin, indicates the place where he rapidly changes the direction of his flow, knows his division into 2 channels in the lower run and accurately marks both mouths of the river. The Sarmation border river to the southwest, Tiras (Dniestr), besides shown in 2 points: springs and estuary, and the current is given in contradiction with reality, from the West to the east with deviation only on the full dimension of the way for 50 minutes in latitude. 20 minutes north and 40 minutes east of the mouth of the Tiras Ptolemy River places the mouth of the Aksiak River. It does not indicate the sources of this river, but it does mention that it flows from Carpathians, so like Tiras (III, 5.6). Of course, under Aksjac's mouth we should realize the mouth of the Tiligul River, now closed from the sea by sand measure; A fewer insignificant rivers, 1 of which, the 1 with the same name as the mouth of the river, actually flow from the east ft of the Carpathians.

Further east at 1 latitude 48 degrees 30 minutes, considering Ptolemy has the mouths of 3 rivers: Borystenes, Hypanides, and Carkinites. The distance between the mouths of the first 2 is 30 minutes, and the second and 3rd - 1 gr.40 min. We have a primitive confusion ahead of us and a large mistake. alternatively of those 3 distant from each other, 1 of the another lips is actually incorporated along the coast there is only 1 large mouth of the river into which Bug and Dniepr pour out. Without frictionIn this case, the Communist organization has no river in this territory and of course there was no Ptolemy in the time. The name Borystenes undoubtedly belongs to Dniepr. Ptolemy himself understood this, who showed Her sources are located in the far north, and a large tributary from the west flowing from Lake Amadoka. Hypanid answers our mistake. If in Ptolemy the estuary of the Hypanid is shown for 30 minutes east of the estuary of the Borystenes, while in fact there is simply a reverse dependence, though not so far away, the origin is the mixing of hypanid with Borystenes, which for Ptolemy was a long-term literary work Tradition. These rivers were already mixed by Strabon (II, 4.6), followed by Pliny (IV, 62) and others. This was due to the relocation of this was supported by the fact that the most crucial and celebrated city close the sea in this area, Olbia, bore along with this name another, Borystenes or Borystenes. Both of these names are given to the city and Ptolemy (III, 5.14). At the minute we feel well aware of where Olbia lay: she was on the right side of the bank of the Bug 35 verst south of Nikolayev and 28 verst northeast of Okakow. If Olbia has long been given Greeks a name named after the largest river a country falling into the sea by a common mouth to the Bug, on the shore of which Olbia lay, this fact may explain the fact that the trade movement from Olbia to the depths of the country's land flowed along its main and largest river, which Priori is rather likely. But the fact that Olbia was called Borystenes, which caused confusion among the geographers Dniepr and Bug, and even regrouping these rivers in Ptolemy. Since Ptolemy spent the lower run of Borystenes close Olbia and the cities he had information about, he placed in the advanced course of the river and then had to decision further eastward.

The origin of Borystenes Ptolemy shows at 52 degrees. N and 53g. Nut river has respective bends to connect to the western tributary flowing from Lake Amadoka. It is impossible not to admit in this tributary of our Pripyta and in Lake Amodocia - our Polesa, in the area of Pinska Bagnach. Herodotus already had information about the existence of the northern border of Scythia, a marshy area that feeds large rivers. According to his testimony, on the border of Scythia along with the Neuri region lies a large lake from which the Tiras River flows out (IV, 51). From the large lake to the northern runs of Scythian, it besides leads the Hypanida River, Moreover, it reports that chaotic white horses are on the banks of this lake. In the second case, all researchers of questions about Scythia and Herodotus commentators recognized moose, who inactive resides in Polesi today.

With respect to the cities placed by Ptolemy on Borystenes and its western tributary, and thus not yet touching the question of their location, we must admit in their very existence and cognition with them the Greeks of that time the Persistent evidence to the cultural impact of the Sea Region according to the population occupying the average gear of Dniepr and its tributaries. Archaeological findings in the territory of our Kiev give all reason to believe that the extraordinary ancient settlement in this place and map, as Ptolemy imagined, unwittingly forces the city of Metropol, which is mentioned in it, is our Kiev. As for the Karkinita River, which falls into the sea east of the Achilles' Run, or Tendry, and then specified a river does not exist. Meanwhile, Ptolemy There are 4 cities in the advanced Karkinite region. Would it not be right to presume that these cities should be moved to the bottom run of Dnieper? The average course of Dnieper is distanced from the lower by the sharps, which then, so now were an obstacle to the continuous sailing along the river. There may have been trade routes from Olbia by land; in the lower run Dniepr approaches the borders of the territory of the Taurid peninsula, and it is so very natural to presume that there was a trade way from any port town of Karkinitsky Bay in this area. As a consequence of the confusion of Borystenes with Hypanid, ancient geographers moved the lower gear of Dniepr far west, his actual course could turn to any peculiar river that appeared on the map under the name Karkinita on behalf of the town of Karkina, which served as an intermediary between the coast east of Tendra and the current of Dniepr.
In addition to Tanais, 12 rivers flow to Meotis: 5 from the west, i.e. they flow within the limits of European Sarmation, and 7 from the east. Of the 5 western rivers 2 are northern: Face (i.e. Wilk) and Porit correspond in all respect: most likely Kalmius and Mius. The first of them was an crucial shipping way many centuries later; it was all the more natural to presume that in Ptolemy's time it was a advanced water level of the River, through which inland cultural influences penetrated from the shore.

It falls into the Venetian Gulf in the Sarmatian Ocean with the borders of European Sarmatian has 4 rivers: Chron, Rudon, Turunt, Chesin. For all four, Ptolemy gives 1 point: namely the place where they enter the sea. It follows from this that these rivers were known at that time only by coastal shipping. The modern map makes it possible to admit us in them: Pregel, Neman, Vindava and Western Sound. The fact that Pregel is located in Ptolemy so far distant from Niemnie is rather understandable by the fact that these rivers do not have a direct mouth to the sea and affect the escape of rivers. Therefore, the distance between them at sailing times can naturally origin the thought of a long coastline between the mouths of these rivers. Information about this far seashore penetrated the Romans through the Germans. This is the last message that allows you to make the very name that Ptolemy gives to the present Baltic Sea, i.e. the Gulf of Venedova, due to the fact that the Germans called the Slavs Wenedami.

3. Let us go to the mountain ranges within Europe Sarmacja. Ptolemy lists 2 mountain groups at the borders of this country and six within it. To apply to the map the Sarmatian Ptolemy Belt gives 2 points which force it to give it a direction from the north to the south with a slight deviation towards the west (this ridge corresponds to today's small Carpathians on the border of Moravia and Hungary. The natives call these mountains Bielyava). For Carpathians, only 1 point is indicated: 46-48 gr.30 min.; the another is obtained from the indication of the origin of the Tiras River: 49 gr. 30 min. - 48 gr. 30 min., consistently, according to Ptolemy's remark, from Carpathians. Therefore, the ridge has a direct direction from west to east. Since the western border of Sarmation runs along the river Dniestr and Vistula, and then comparing the map of Ptolemy with the modern one, we request to connect the Sarmacké Mountains and Carpathians into 1 mountain group, i.e. in order to admit the fork of Ptolemy the Carpathians. For example, the mountain strategy besides needs to coincide with those that are displayed on the map as free-standing Ptolemy, the Venetian Mountains in the north and the Pewkin Mountains in the southwest of them. The Venetians reached Ptolemy at an utmost phase to the northwest of Sarmation, then there are besides the Venetian Mountains close them, east of the mediate run of the Vistula River. But the Germans encountered Slavs in the Carpathian area, And then their information about the Venetian Mountains can mention only to this mountain group. As for Pevkinsky Horus, that name remains in apparent relation with the Pevkin family. This cultural word has long been utilized in a student And people of this name are ancient geographers and historians located in areas adjacent to the lower Danube run. Ptolemy divided the Peukins on his map: they occupy the mouth of the Danube and then appear in the depths inside Sarmation, above the advanced gear of the Dniestr. Along Pevkin, they belonged to a large tribe of Bastarnae, which in Ptolemy, according to his predecessors' testimony, occupies the east slopes of the Carpathians band. Why Peucin were divided up in Ptolemy's work, and any of them were pushed aside Far to the north, along with mountains of the same name, remains, of necessity, unclear; but belonging to the Bastarnia and their forks to the north and south allows us to approach the Pevkin Mountains to the Carpathian ridge and thus kind of compress the map of Ptolemy Sarmacja at its south-west end.

Two mountain groups are listed in the area between the left bank of Dniepr and Azov Ptolemy: the Amodoci and the Alanské Mountains. The first 1 doesn't seem to respond. There is no reality, what makes them suspicious is the very identity of their names with the lake, from which the tributary of the Borystenes (Pripec). As far as the Alamian Mountains are concerned, possibly it would be appropriate to see in them a lofty area cut by the river Donet - Donetsk log.

The same imaginary geographical fact as the Amadocians of the mountains, we must admit the Ripei band. Ptolemy I placed them at 57 gr.30 min. N and 63 degrees. V.D. close from the springs of the Tanais River, which nevertheless has no Oznaka that Tanais flows from the mountains as it was Of course, due to their proximity to its origins and how - so did another ancient geographers. It is very likely that the Ripai Mountains on Ptolemy's map are a technological and literary tradition of ancient pedigree. Already in the 7th century. B.C.E. There is simply a name for unknown mountains in the north boundary. Later this name was transferred to the Alps. With the spread of geographical information, the Mountains of this name moved increasingly to the north to countries that remained unknown, and were imported in connection with the Tanais River, as a distant border between Europe and Asia. Ptolemy gave them specified a position, showing them in only 1 place and within the limits of European Sarmation. due to the fact that he knew Volga, under the name Ra and Kama, as the northern run of this river, as well as a turn in its lower run, where it coincides with the Don run, he could have known about the steppe nature of the terrain between Don and Volga and the absence of a mountain scope here. But literary tradition was besides firmly established, and Ptolemy did not destruct these imaginary mountains from his map.

There is another ridge - Bodinské Mountains, which are shown by Ptolemy at the same latitude as the Alanské Mountains, to the west of them for 5 minutes, i.e. at the longitude of the mouth of Dniepr and Tendra. due to the deficiency of information about the interior limits of Sarmacja, which Ptolemy had at his disposal, even imagine how he could have done so by witnessing any mountains outside that area of rivers that he knew, and distant from cities on the river inside Sarmacja. possibly these mountains were the consequence of theoretical knowing of the water sections between the basins of these rivers flowing into the other seas, confederate and northern. If that's right, then in the Bodin Mountains you gotta see the Welsh Highland.

4. Ptolemy fulfilled the borders of European Sarmation many cultural tribes. In his calculation of the population of the country, he first distinguishes respective large nationalities, namely: Venetians - throughout Venice of the Atlantic Gulf of Sarmack, Pevkins and Bastarae - to the north of the Roman state of Dacja, Jazyg and Rokosolani - along the coast of Maeotis and yet inland from these 2 peoples - Hamaksobians and Alans-Scythians. Then Ptolemy first lists the smaller nations along the Vistula River to the confederate border of the country. Here the Gitons, Finns and many another names are named, which origin many difficulties in the definition of their citizenship. These are tribes inhabiting the territory southeast of the Venetians: Galinda, Sudina and Stavan, who seemingly form 1 group, and below them are igillions, quistoboci and transmontanas all the way to Pevkinkiye Gor. Turning to the north again, Ptolemy Fills the northeastern condition of cultural tribes between the seashore, the Asian border of Sarmation and the Alan border to the south. Here, along with fresh names specified as Osii, Carbons, Borusci, appear to Herodotus gelony, melancheans, agathyrsa. The review ends with the conclusion that respective names of the peoples who lived southwest of Alan and Rokselani replaced the tribes that inhabited these lands on the left bank of the river Tanais close her spell: oflons, Tanaici, Osilis and any peoples are besides mentioned, surviving in different parts of the country between the another 2 mentioned above. So between the Pevkins and the Bastards Ptolemy places Karpians between the Bastards and the Roxolans - Huns. It is not forgotten about those celebrated for Herodotus budini or bodines, which Ptolemy places somewhere north of Karpians, as well as Strabońian Tyragetes who lived close Dacia. We are far from reasoning Enter here in a detailed analysis of Ptolemy's cultural map. Almost all the names mentioned by him had past in the literary tradition of ancients, and the question of determining their nationality - extended literature in modern science. But let us make a fewer remarks on how to simplify the variety of names on the Ptolemy map. - Among the names mentioned by Ptolemy are several, which clearly do not correspond to any Nation. These include mainly: amadoki, navarów and Torekkad. These names only repeat the names of cities: Amadoka, Navar and Torokka. The same imaginary nationalities are besides placed in Ptolemy north of the Pevkin and Gamaksobia Mountains, alongside the Alans. The Latin meaning of the first word is gartsy - it itself reveals its origin, and in the sense of cultural name it is only a misunderstanding (although, in Ammianus Marcellinus 17.12.12 - people will be remembered Transiugitani (Transjugitani) close quads): In the same way, the second name is the inhabitants of carts - there is only a general indication for moving nomads on steppes with their carts and herds (this is the word Strabon - II, 1.26; VII,3.7; XI,2.2). In specified a way of life were both in Ptolemy's time and 2 centuries later the Alans. Meanwhile, Ptolemy places Gemaxobs, as a peculiar people, in the vicinity of the Alans. Finally, note the name Revkanal, which seems to happen only a repetition of the name Roxelanus (In the text of the well-known Chersonez decree in honor of Diofantos - Latishchev. Inscrip. Ponti Eux, 185 is the name Roxolan given in the form of Päveivaloi (row 23); Marry. Strabon. VII,3.17).

One fact cannot be ignored, as we mentioned above in another context. any Ptolemy people exchange twice and spread for a wide space. That's what the Pevkins are all about. According to Strabon, it was the name of a part of the Bastarna tribe that penetrated the mouth of the Danube and received that name from the area's name: Pevka. Ptolemy knows Peukins in the Danube Valley, but he besides calls them as independent people, in the far north. Of course, we have the right to bring the northern and confederate Peukins closer together and thus change the overall appearance of his map of these places. In this case, the same situation besides occurs in cystocephalus and anartohracts. Ptolemy places these peoples within the limits of the north of Dác. But in the immensity of Dacia, he knows the names Kistobokov and Anart, as natives, occupying the northern borders of the country. From this it is natural to conclude that cystobors and anortofractions within Sarmac occupied areas not lying in a distant space from the borders of Dacja, and in its immediate vicinity, interacting with those of their fellow tribe members who became dependent on Rome.

Slavs under the name Venice are placed in Ptolemy in accordance with the sea coast east of the lower Vistula River, south of which are inhabited by the Titons, Finns and a group of peoples: Galindsi, Sudins and Stavans. In specified a location lies undoubtedly, a large mistake. The natives of the coast were Lithuanians, and further east of them are Finns. The second are by Ptolemy under his own name; As for the Lithuanians, they are not hard to admit in the Galinds and Sudins. Galinda - Golyad of our chronicle; many centuries later, it gave the name to the region of Sudavia (Sudavia) in east Prussia (the area between Memel, Narvia and Lyk (Matvey Stryjkowski). Sarmatia Europea, in calculating ducats into which Prussia was divided: Sudavia ducatus I).

Ptolemy considered the Wenets to be 1 of the largest nationalities within the borders of Europe's Sarmation and gave them the first place on the list of peoples occupying the country; but in his placing on the map he brought them besides close to and thus gave them small space. If in the mouth of the Germans, the sea could receive the name of the Venetian Sea and then, of course, due to the fact that the Slavs dominated people in the neighboring country. On Ptolemy's cultural map, they lost their meaning, and later past gives us all reason to see the Slavs on Ptolemy's map in specified a place: a deficiency of information about these distant countries. They were besides in the incorrect place and Finns; their first area lies far further northeast than Ptolemy had imagined.
South of the Venetians, on the right bank of the Vistula River, Ptolemy places gigons. Under this name, the people hide, the ruler who entered the arena of past in the mediate of the 3rd century AD and played a leading function in the time of migration of the Goci peoples. The oldest evidence about this nation The Lower Region dates from the 4th century BC was donated by the celebrated traveler from Massilia, Pytheas, and preserved for us by Plinius (Plin. Hist. Nature, 37.35 (in the presentation of amber) - Pytheas (reports) in which the Germanic tribe of Guton (Gutonibus) of the ocean bay, called Methonomone, lives, with a dimension of six 1000 stadiums, from which the day of navigation of the island of Abalus is separated. On this island in spring amber, which is the product of a condensed sea. Locals usage it as fuel alternatively of firewood and sale it to their neighbors, Teutons). Tacith knew the name of this people in the form of Gutones (Gutons) and placed in the vicinity of Lugia, i.e. assigned to it both banks of the Vistula (silent. The germ. Cap 44 - Trans Lugios Gutones regnantur - Beyond the lugia (live) - ruled by the kings of Guto Guto (ProvinceIn the 19th century Ptolemy narrows the area of the Goths a small bit, but in any case the place that marks them on his map about corresponds to the reality of that time. It's different with Jazygs. This 1 to the people, along with the related tribe of Roxolani, Ptolemy changes direction to the western coast of Maeotis. Between the 2 peoples at the time to which the compilation of their maps refers, it has already moved far west. More At the beginning of the first century C.E., the Jazygs, passing through the territory of Dacy, who then remained a free people, were occupied by the plains between the central run of the Danube and the river Cisa, and became neighbors of the state of Panonia. Ptolemy had information about the region and remembered it as a peculiar country, calling it the land of Jazyg-seaters. With this epithet he distinguished them from the people of the same name inhabiting the banks of Maeotis. But the evidence of historical writers allows us to boldly say that there are no languages left in Sarmation; to the east borders of the Daks at the same time relatives moved to the lower Danube area of The Iazigam of Roxolani. Under Imp. Nero, ruler of Nizhnya Mesia repelled Roxolan's opposition to Roman boundaries (the evidence of these events was preserved in the celebrated inscription of Plaucius Silvan. Corp. Inscr. Lat. XIV, 3008); Later, since they have been dealing over the lower Danube, Imp. Adrian, and at Marek Aurelius, Roxolani have been communicating with their relatives through Jazyg-Migrants through the state of Dacia according to the Roman way (See Alana according to classical and Byzantine writers)
http://kirsoft.com.ru/skb13/KSNews_270.htm
Meanwhile, Ptolemy places Roxolanus far to the east. from the borders of the empire, but in the vicinity of Mesia and Dacia knows only the Bastards, Tiragets and Tagers. - In the same way, erstwhile it comes to Jazygs and Roxolans, Ptolemy's map contained a very crucial anachronism.
To conclude, we must halt over another name of the people, which was named by Ptolemy on the steppe lands left bank of Dnieper. These are the Huns. Their appearance on the Ptolemy Map is the first proof that the Turks be in Europe. To see the Turks in Huns, i.e.: Hiung-nu (Hong-nu), as the Chinese of the nomadic horde of the Turkish race then called it, allows us to see that the Ural River already bears its Turkish name in Ptolemy - (?, VI, 14.20), or egg, as it is called present among the local population - Yaik (geographer Marcjan of Heraklei (about 400 C.E.), which mostly adhered to Ptolemy's given, Alans were assigned wide spaces in European Sarmation to the sources of Borystenes; Land along the Borystens behind Alans, occupied by European Huns. Of course, Marcjan had already known the Asian Huns, which had penetrated a time that lived far west of Europe, but he did not have the chance to mention. Manier... Spit on 1 seat of Ammianus Marcellin 31.3.3, which can be interpreted as evidence of the existence of native Huns in the Dniepr region during the invasion of Huns in the last 4th of the 4th century. According to Ammianus: Hermanric's successor, King of the Ostrogots, Vitimer, provided for a time opposition to the Huns - Halanis, Hunis Aliis Fretus (he resisted) Alans, relying on another Huns. "Other Huns who helped the Goths fight the Huns could not, of course, belong to this mass of nomads who at the time invaded the country occupied by the Goths from behind Don". In the late 1st century C.E., the Northern Huns fell, followed by interior unrest and strife, which rejected Turkish tribes' individuals in the far west to the borders of Europe. This communicative is closed before us, and the final consequence is given in the Turkish name of the Ural River and the appearance of the Xiongnu people on the steppes overdone.
5. We inactive have any comments on the cities marked by Ptolemy on the map of the European Union Sarmacja. "We will not halt on the coast due to the fact that in this respect Ptolemy's data is as reliable and accurate as those that survived until our time in another sources, and above all in the Euxine Pontus bypass, belonging to the younger peer of Arrian. Ptolemy's evidence to the interior regions of the country, due to the fact that it is the only origin for us.
On the left side of our map, abroad Sarmation, in Germany a number of cities located on the Danube and to the sea coast in the north. It was the old trade way that the Romans were acquiring amber. 1 of the towns on this way has inactive preserved its old name: Kalisia - Kalisz. There is no specified continuous chain in Sarmation, and the city line breaks inside the Country. The starting point of 1 direction is the town of Thira at the mouth of a river of the same name, now Dniestr, and the another Olbius, in the lower run of Borystenes according to Ptolemy, but in fact - Hypanida - Bug. With respect to the location of the city of Thira cannot now be There is no difference of opinion: The territory of Thira is now closed the town of Akkerman is simply a Russian Belgorod and Moldovan papers from the 16th century. Along the Dniestr there are cities in the following order: Eract, Vivantavaria, Klepidava, Metonius, Carrodun. 2 of them are included in their names any cultural designations: Klepidava points to Gets or Daki, Carrodun on Celts. Since this last nationality has long disappeared in this territory, from this place we can conclude that the antiquity of the town's uprising. With respect to the location of these 5 cities, it is apparent that only archaeological finds can lead to questions about the sphere of proposition and divination based on actual Reliability. Without any data to the territory, we will be limited to indicating attempts to find those cities that were made by number Potocki and Polish scientist Sadowski. First in his office: Histoire ancientne du gouvernement de Podolie. S-Petersburg, 1805, c. 8-10. - Lay Eract in place of Raszkow, Vivantavarius - Magpie, Klepidavu Mohylev-Podolski, Metonium - Kitay-gorod and Karrodun - Moldovan village Kornówka. Sadowski in his effort to find these cities is based on theoretical considerations regarding the simplification of the degrees of the Ptolemese Length. That's 180g. Ptolemy corresponds to 126 grams. our grid, Ptolemy's longitude may be reduced to 180:126. Based on his calculations, Sadowski received for the westernmost city from 5 Transnistrians, Karroduna, about the area of the Zbruchy river's confluence with Dniester, or present-day Rusin border with Austria. For another cities, it offers specified a location: Erakt - Tyraspol, Vivantavari - Bendery, Klepidava - Jampol, Metonium - Mohilev-Podolski. Ptolemy's trade way along Dniepru was led to a relation with Olbia and due to the fact that Olbia was called Borystenes, the lower run of Dniepru is distorted. From in the left tributary of Borystenes, flowing out of Lake Amadoki, it is natural to admit the Pripeci, and then the 3 located towns on that tributary: Nyoss, Sabrac and Lein, should be searched for on Pripeci. Sadowski, based on theoretical considerations, offers specified a location: Nyoss - Chernobyl, Sabrac - Mozyr, Lein - the area of Jaselda's mouth, in the west of Pinsk. The likelihood of these assumptions may have been given by the finds of Roman coins. Of the 3 listed Data of this kind are available only for: Chernobyl, where in 1879 the treasure of Roman coins of Antoninow was found (Antonovich. Gubernia, Moscow 1895, p. 5). Indirect confirmation that then trade took over the Pripeć basin, you can see in the finds of coins made by Volyn territory. The data collected by prof. Antonowicz indicate the direction in which the treasures of Roman coins passed Volyn from the advanced run of Bug to Gorynia, then down the river of this river. With the courtesy of prof. Antonowicz We can present the following list of places where we were found Roman coins.
Zasławski uyezd: Belgorodka - a treasure which contained 52 Roman Denary from Galba to Kommodus; Brykulya - 2 Roman Denar of the Republican period, the surname Marzia and Chochlik. Getae.
Ostrogski district: Jufkowce - respective Roman coins.
Silica uyezd: Antonowce - in 1860 respective Roman Coins.
Dubno uyezd: Majdan - denar Vespasiana; Listvin - 3 denary of Antoninus Pius; Red - Roman coin from the times of the Republic named: Caius Norbanus; small Relic is the denar of Hadriana.
Equal rides: Aristov - respective coins Antonina Pius; Alexandria (in Goryń, as well as in another areas) - Denar Antoninus Pius; Bechen - in 1890 the treasure of Roman coins from Hadrian to Kommodus; Rubcha - 7 Roman coins from the time of the Antonians; Chocim - respective pounds of Roman coins were found, any of which bear the name Mark Aurelius; Kazimirk - Roman coins are frequently encountered.
In the advanced gear of the Słucz River in Nowograd There's information about random finds: Czerninica - in 1880. treasure consisting of 339 Roman coins; Aleksandrovka - in 1890 90 Roman coins from the I-II century; Nastasovka - in the collapse of the bank in 1873, 20 silver coins of Trajan coins were found. About the tributary of proceeding Cerem - Gorodishche - respective 100 Roman coins.
This is the area of coin finds in the Volyn region. Just 1 look at the map to admit the traces of the trade routes that connected the Dniestr basin with the run of the Pripeci.
Ptolemy places the springs of Borystenes in the north-western part of the country direction, i.e. seemingly towards Berezin, and in the advanced run he knows no cities. erstwhile it comes to the mediate course of the river, it is not rather clear indications, it has the form of a dotted line. The fact that there was any fork in the trade way is involuntary. It means he's taken a pond of any another tributary of Dnieper. It seems most natural about Desna. If this message is correct, then the city of Serim could have been transferred to Chernihov's side, and in Metropol to recognise Kiev. Archaeological findings of this last year have shown the settlement of Kiev's territory since prehistoric times. Since the first centuries of our era, the following coin finds have been found here: in 1846 Peczersk, close the gendarmerie barracks, 62 Romanesque coins from August to Geta (Antonovich); in 1841. on Aleksandrowska Street there are 2 coins of Faustyna and Kommodus; in 1876 in Obołoń in the Migurin property - a treasure of 200 bronze Roman and colonial coins from the 3rd to 4th century (the finds of Kufice coins from 1706 during the reign of Mazepa and Abbasids in 1851 - attest that Kiev is constantly inhabited until the beginning of its Russian history).
If our knowing is correct, the city of Serim can be moved to the Chernihov side to Desna and then to the current Dniepr over Kiev there are 3 cities: Sar, Amadoca and Azagar. Addressing the question of their location Sadowski was mistaken in drawing the latitude of the first of and alternatively of seeing it as the southernmost city, he moved it far north and placed the Orsza in place. The same investigator recognized in Amadoc - Loev, and in Azagaria - Homelu. Ptolemy's publisher Karl Müller spoke in his notes for specified a location, However, he is accompanied by his own reservations: Sar - the fugitive of Soju from Dnieprem, i.e. Loev, Amadoka - Kholmech, Azagariy - Rechits.
There are cities of the mediate run of Dnieper on the map of Ptolemy in direct communication with Olbia by the water road via. This thought was the consequence of confusion mistake with Dnieprem, as already mentioned above. So as the main material for Ptolemy were the Travelling Trails. This convergence on his map of Olbia with the Metropolitan Pole and its cities above it in the Dnieper basin can be seen as a clue that the trade way between the old Greek cultural centre at the mouth of the Bug and the cities in the interior of the country went straight north of Olbia. The hydrographic graph of our steppe south at these locations may give a clue on the likely direction of this path. To the mouth of the Bug flows straight from the north across the Ingul River, which in its advanced run approaches the advanced right tributary of Dniepr, Tyasmin. Even then, the smarts of Dnieper appeared, as now, an insurmountable obstacle to shipping. If Olbia maintained a commercial relation with the region of the mediate East Dniepr, which is simply a kind of likeness of the finds from the Roman Empire of coins, then the way along Ingul was a natural detour of the difficulties that Dniepr's smarts create. Unfortunately, we do not yet know anything about the Mentions is along the river Ingul; as to Tyasmin, according to Sadowski, as early as the 16th century. The uncovering of Greek coins in the river basin and the witness were not uncommon. The same Sadowski states that the collection of number Chacki included many Olbian Coins found in the Tyasmine basin. Along the information collected by prof. Antonowicz in his archaeological work map of the Kiev Oblast, the following finds of Roman coins are known in the Tyasmin basin: Krymki - coins of Faustina the Younger; Bolshie Birki - coins of the Roman Empire; scythes - Roman coins of Hadrian and Faustina; Golovovka - in 1871, coins of Trajan, Mark Aurelius, L. Vera and Commodus; Krylov, close the mouth of Tyasmin to Dniepr - in 1889 a large treasure of Roman silver denars of Chapter IIc was found. (pronounced on the same treasure is written by G. Jastriebow in his work An Experience of a Topographical Review of Antiquities (Experience of topographical review of antiquity) Chersonez Province. United Kingdom. Bow. Widely. East. and Drev. Tom XVII (1894). Ibid. p. 75. 7 coins from this treasure - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marek Aurelius, Lucilles - are in the collection of Elizavetgrad Real School). North of Tyasmine in the direction of Kiev, in Kordwa, Kanów, Tomilovka (near the White Church) and Vasilkov.
It remains to be pointed to a group of cities which Ptolemy is located in the Karkinita River area. Modern topography The map of these places does not give us a river that would flow to the Black Sea west of Tendra close Perekopskoye Przesmik. specified a river evidently did not be in ancient times; The right to specified a claim gives us, first of all, that the condition of Karkinou city is called Karkinitou Ptolemy mistakenly moved to the continent from the Tauryk Peninsula. A more reliable and reliable origin of information about the confederate coast, as Arrian is in his Periplus, places the coastal town of Carkinitis at 600 stadiums north of Chersonez. Scientists on topography of Crimea now agree that this town was lying on the shore of the present Lake Dunguslav - the mouth of a river that in ancient times was connected with the sea, so besides Tiligulsky, which is now besides closed. With the transfer of Ptolemy Karkina in Crimea, the Karkinite River disappears. But as for the towns located Ptolemy outside of its basin: Toroka, Erkab, Thrakana and Navara, according to all probability belong to the left bank of the lower gear of Dnieper which has a direction from the north east to the southwest and is not far from the Crimean Territory. Karl Müller in his commentary on the text, Ptolemy suggests looking for Navar in the direction in which today's Lepetikha.
About the time Ptolemy in Alexandria compared the information he collected from various sources on the distant European Sarmation, carefully placing on the map the names of the tribes and peoples that inhabited this country, In his north, events began, which radically changed cultural conditions and thus profound influence on the culture of the confederate countries. Goth, whom Ptolemy sacrificed only a tiny town in the vicinity of Wedów, moved south to the sea and the borders of the Roman Empire; By the mediate of the following century, they found themselves a dominant nationality on the Pontian steppes. Under their pressure, the old cultural centers: Thira, Olbia, Tanaïd disappeared from the ground, the erstwhile ceased to be the trade relations between the Pomeranian and the ancient buying centers in Sarmation. The indication in this last sense is due to the fact that Roman coins found in the area of present-day Volyn, The Kiev and Poltava circuits, as noted long ago, mention mainly to the times of Antoninus no further than Septimius Sewer. In the midst of this revolution, it seems, she survived, and even existed possibly Metropol-Kijów was called to a fresh life. In his territory, the coin of Constantius II was found: This fact is scarce in terms of quantity, but crucial in terms of importance. The younger modern emperor was the large Ostrogotian warrior, King Ermanarich, who widely developed the boundaries of his domain north and east of the mediate of Dnieper. In the Icelandic sagas, echoes of memories of this ruler and his capital - Danpar-stadir, Danparstead, or town over Dnieprem - have been preserved -
This celebrated forest
which is called a dark oak grove,
This holy grave
, Who stands on the land of the Goths (God of the Piodo),
This celebrated stone that rises
Over the Dniprem place...
A well-deserved investigator of ancient Northern poetry, the late deceased Icelandic Vikfusson considered it rather likely to recognise our Kiev as the capital of Erman and so coincides with the mention of the town over Dnieprem in various Icelandic sagas (prof. Daszkiewicz. and Kiev, according to any monuments of ancient Seville. literature of Kiev, Uniw. izv., 1886, November). The finds of Kufik coins in Kiev and its appearance at the dawn of our native history, as a crucial and crucial political life, let its continued existence since ancient Ptolemy.
Ptolemy (gm) - Current data (gm)
Venedsko Coast
Hesina River - 59.30 - Dynaminde (the tower of the fortress) - 57.2.4
Turunta River estuary - 8.30 - Vindava (fort tower) - 7.23.49.5
The mouth of the Rudona River - 57 - Memel (Church Tower) - 5:50.8.6
Chrona River estuary - 56 - Königberg (Observatory) - 4.42.50.4
The Danube Run
Prista 45.10 - Ruszczuk (minaret) - 43.50.37
Dorostol - 45.30 - Silistria (match) - 4.7.11
Axiopol - 45.45 - Creeds (matches) - 4.20.23
Tomy - 45.50 - Kiustengze (match) - 4.10.21 Sea Coast

Black Byzantium - 43.5 - Constantinople (Sopia dome) - 41.0.28.3
Anchial - 44.30 - Achialo (Church of the Transfiguration) - 2.33.25
Mesembria - 44.40 - Mesembria (Church of Metropolis) - 2.39.45
Odessa - 45 - Varna (Hasan Bayragara Mosque) - 43.12.3
Tira - 47.40 - Akkerman (minaret) - 6.12.2.5
Olbia - 49 - Ochakow (telegraph) - 6.36.56.8
Achilov Beg - 47.30 - Kinburn (strong command flag) - 6.33.18.6 - Tendra (a lighthouse) - 46.19.21.5
Chersonez - 47 - Sevastopol - 44.36.52,3
Theodosia - 42.20 - Theodosia (the goddess) - 45.1.45.7
Panticapaeum - 47.55 - Kercz (John the Baptist's Church) - 45.21.7,4
Myrmekius - 48.30 - Yenikale (dome of lighthouse) - 45.23.9.9
Dioscuriada - 46.45 - Suchumi-jarmage (measure) - 42.59.18
estuary of the Phasis River - 45 - Poti (the island of Pyram.) - 49.8.30.5.
Tanais River estuary - 54.20 - 54.30 - Taganrog (catedra) - 47.12.26,9
(J.A. Kułakowski, Selected Works in the past of Alans and Sarmation. Aletheia Publishing House, 2000)
SOUTH RUSSIA. KERCZ CHRISTIAN CATAKUMBY 491: survey by Julian Kułakowski. 1891
http://www.library.chersonesos.org/showtome.php?tome_code=225§ion;_code=7
SOUTH ROSJI RESURRENCY: 2 Kerchen catacombs with frescoes. Appendix: Christian Catacombs, opened in 1895. survey by Julian Kułakowski. 1894
http://www.library.chersonesos.org/showtome.php?tome_code=238§ion;_code=7
Julian Andreyevich Kułakowski. Calendar
Roman http://kirsoft.com.ru/mir/KSNews_300.htm
A.N. Derewicki. Ju.A. Kułakowski. ITUAK (Izwiestia discipline Commission of Taurida)Tom 57 (1920), pp.324-336
http://www.library.chersonesos.org/showtome.php?tome_code=55§ion;_code=1
According to Wigfusson, the eddic songs of the Armenian cycles and Attila indicate a place in Europe where the first Gothic Empire... In the song of the rysian prophecy the bird (in this case the crow) says that
Dan and Danp have large halls, and Danr ok Danpr dinar hallir
A better legacy than the 1 you have oedra odal an er hafid
The western genealogue in the last passage reversed the names of the rivers upon which he encountered in ancient poems in the names of the mythical ancestors of the first of the kings, the young Kona.
On the another hand, according to V.B. Antonovich Obolonyi close the brook Hłyboczycki - a treasure belonging to the 4th century, is the oldest material clue with time, for the existence of a population in the place presently occupied by Kiev (see the study on readings at the historical Society of Nestor Chronicler in Kiev. Univ. Izv. 1878)... Moreover, it is crucial that in the same village an Oriental coin from the mediate of the 8th century is found.
N. Daszkiewicz. Oblast of Dzeprowski and Kiev according to any monuments Ancient Sev. lit-ry, Kiev, Uniw. Izvest., 4 October 1886
. European Sarmation - part of the large Scythic at the beginning of C.E., was multiethnic (see the Medieval maps according to Ptolemy's data - Mercator, Rushell, Gastaldi, Münster). In Book 3, Chapter V, the position of the European Union Sarmatia, Ptolemy points out: European Sarmatia in the north borders the Sarmatian Ocean along the Venetian Gulf Ocean and part of the unknown land. The description is as follows: The estuary of the Vistula River, which is below 45o longitude -56o latitude, follows: the estuary of the Chron River (German) below 50o-56o. The exit of the Rubon River (Rudon, Bubon, Rubon, Sudon - Dźwina) below 53o-57o, the mouth of the Turunta River (Taurun - Velikaya Narva) below 56o30'-58o30', the mouth of the Khesina River (Chersin, Seliger-Neva) within 58o30'-59o30'. The coastline, which marks the end of what is known, the seas, along the parallel passing through the Ful (Thule) is within the scope of 64O-63O. The Sarmation boundary along the meridian designated by the Tanaisa River (Don) sources is located under 54o-53o. From the west, Sarmacja borders the Vistula River, which is part of the Mediterranean Sea, Germany, between its sources and the Sarmace Sea Mountains and the mountains themselves, which were already mentioned.
The confederate border is Yazigi Methanasts (the settlers) from the confederate border of the Sarmacké Mountains to the beginning of the Carpathians, which is located under 46o-48o30', and the neighboring Dacia close the same parallel to the mouth of the Borystenes River (Dniepr), and then the shoreline of Pontu to the Kerkinita River.
The location of this coastline is as follows: The mouth of the Borystenes 57o30' -48o 30'; the mouth of the Ipanila 58o-48o30'; Cape Hecate Grove 58o30'-47o45'; Achilles Pass Run 59o-47o40'; West Cape Achilles' Run, which is called Holy Cape 57o50'-47o 30'; Cape East, called Misarido (Nisaris) 59o45'-47o50'; Kefalonis 59o45-47o50'; Beautiful port 59o30'-47o45'; Tamiraka 59o20'-48o30'; The mouth of the Kerkinita River is 59o40'-48o30'. Behind these mouths is simply a pass separating Chersonez Taurycki (Sevastopol): its coastline close Karkinitskoye bay is below 60o20'-48o20'' and close Lake Wiki (Bika) in the scope of 60o30'-48o30'.
The east border of Sarmation is: a pass from the Kerkinita River, Lake Vika, the Meotian lake's coastline to the Tanais River, yet the Tanais River itself a meridian moving from the Tanais origin to the unknown to the above mentioned limit. On this side of Sarmatia has the following description: behind the pass on the Kerkinita River, runs along Lake Meotian (Azov sea): fresh fortress 60o30'-48o40' The mouth of the Pasiaki River 60o20'-48o50'.
Sarmation is besides cut by another mountains (except Sarmatian), among them are called Mount Pewka (Teiki) 51o-51o; Mount Amadoka 55o-51o; Mount Vodin (Bodin, Budin) 58o-55o; Mount Alan (Alaun) 62o30'-55o; Carpathians, as it is said 46o-48o30'; the Venetian Mountains 47o30'-55o; Mount Ripaean, whose centre is 63o-57o30'; Part of the Borystenes River close Amaloka Lake lies within 53o30'-50o20' and is the northernmost origin of the Borystenes River located at 52o53'.
Sarmation is inhabited by many peoples (tribes): Venetians - all over the Gulf of Venice, over Dacja - Pevkinów and Bastarnae; along the full shore of Meotis - Yazigi and Roxolani; Then they're inland - Amaxovia and Scythians-Alans.
Less crucial tribes surviving in Sarmation are: close the Vistula River, below Venetians - hyphons (hytons), then Finns; then sulons (bulans), below them - frugundions (frungundions), then avarins (obarins) close the Vistula River springs; Underneath them are the ombrons, then the anartophrates, then the Burgions, then the Arsyites, Sabokas, Piengites and biesses close the Carpathians.
To the east of the above mentioned tribes dwell: below the Wenets - Galindians (Galidani), Sudins and Stawans up to the Alans; Below them are gillions, then costobocs and transmontanes (zagory) to the Pevkinsky Mountains. Then the coast of the ocean over the Gulf of Narrow occupies the welts, above them - autumn, Further northward are the Karbon, and to the east of them are the Karets and the hall (below are the gelons, hippopotamus and melanchlens); below are the Agathyrses (Agathyrses), then the Aorses and Pagyrites; below are the Sawars (Saurs, Saubrs, Sauurs) and the Borusci to the Mature Mountains.
Then the Akibs (Abikovs) and the Nazis, below them are the Wibions (Ibion) and Hydra; below the Wibions to the Alans are the Sturns, and between them the Alans and the Amaxowianies - Carions (Carvons) and Sargatia.
At the turn of the River Tanais - pelons and tanaites, after them - Osoli do Roxolani; between the Amaxovians and Roxolans - Revnals (racalans) and exobigi; Then between the Pevkins and the Bastards - the Karpians, above them - Givin, then Bodins.
Between the Bastarni and Roxolani live Huns, and below the mountain of the same name - Amadoki and Navara. close Lake Wiki (Biki) live Torekkads, and according to Achilles Run - Tauroscits; below the Bastarni close Dacia are the Tagras, and below them are the Tiragets -.
Ptolemy's data and his close geographers in time are of fundamental importance to ancient past of Russia (Bibliography: Ancient Geography. Compiler Prof. M.S. Bodnarsky, State Publishing home Geographical Literature, Moscow 1953 - Vestnik Drevnei Historia, 2, 1948, W.W. Łatyszewski. News of ancient writers about Scythia and the Caucasus. Claudius Ptolemy pp. 458-484 http://annals.xlegio.ru/sbo/contens/vdi.htm )

P.M. Zolin. European Sarmation (see the medieval maps according to Ptolemy - Mercator, Rushell, Gastaldi, Münster)





http://www.russika.ru/t.php?t=2967

Claudius Ptolemy. Geographic Guide
http://kirsoft.com.ru/freedom/KSNews_648.htm
A.V. Podossinova. What did the Romans know about east Europe?

web.archive.org/web/20180730062755/http://kircho.com.ru/skb13/KSNews_267.htm

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