Are Poles in Belarus written off?

wiernipolsce1.wordpress.com 10 months ago

Article from 2020 by Tadeusz Kruczkowski, erstwhile president of the Union of Poles in Belarus, prof. of past at the University of Grodno. In the photograph the well-known WPS office of ZPB in Grodno.

In Belarus there is presently the largest Polish number in the East – it is officially over 300 1000 people according to the authoritative census of 2009, and according to the authoritative census of 1999 – more than 417 1000 people and according to the authoritative census of 1959 – more than 538,000 people. Currently, according to the data of Polish organizations, it is about 1-1.5 miles of people, and according to church data – over 2 miles of Catholics, most of whom admit to Polishness or have Polish origin. And for about 9.5 miles. country, it's a lot.

Such crucial discrepancies in determining the exact number of Poles can be explained, above all, by the diversity of the calculation criteria used, as well as methods of carrying out general censuses and ideological approaches. They besides depend on the policy of the government of Belarus. Especially since it is simply a population that resides in dense groups of Grodzieżyzna, east Minsk, historical Vilnius and Brasławszów, and thus mostly the northern-eastern ends of pre-war Poland. Poles in Belarus have always been in a peculiar situation, both during Czarski, russian and now [1, pp. 198-205, 213-219 and others].

In Belarus present another revolution (such as the 2006 gin and orange 2004 and 2014 in Ukraine). What it will be so far we do not know: we can already see that it is not velvetlike in Czechoslovakia in 1989. There are many options left. From propaganda versions: Belarus will be free or occupied to political options. They are so diverse: from a long Polish version through opposition agreements with the ruling nomenclature (the circular table in Magdalena), the Venezuelan version, a simple change by Moscow of its protégé through the palace coup, to the Ceausescu version and many intermediate options.

And in early 2020, it seemed with the choices that everything would be the same as always. Russian president W. Pucin just before the elections erstwhile he withdrew from erstwhile criticism of A. Lukashenka and gave his support. Moscow could be curious in removing Lukashenka or weakening it, as it was in 2010. There's quite a few reasons. In general, it can be said that it has become besides independent: the most crucial thing is that in 2019 it refused deep integration with Russia (it did not sign the Road Charter of Integration, peculiarly point 31), actual accession to Russia. This meant the request for W. Putin to change the constitution in order to keep power. And that doesn't forget. His cooperation with China must besides concern Russia. And in his attempts to become independent of Russian oil supplies, the president of Belarus proved persistent: he received oil supplies not only from Azerbaijan but besides from the US and T.D.

This time in 2020, serious candidates for the office of president of Belarus (W. Babaryko, S. Tichonowska, W. Cepkało) turned out to be supporters of Russia. Supporters of the Belarusian national option (M. Statkiewicz, P. Siewieryniec) were not registered. The most dangerous candidates for A. Lukashenko (W. Babaryko, S. Tichonowski, W. Cepkało) were arrested until the presidential election. Only the wife of Sergei Tichonowski – Swietlan Tichonowska remained. As a housewife, she was not considered a serious rival of the president.

But it turned out to be completely different. It was a protest vote: everyone – just not A. Lukashenko. It was akin in 1994 erstwhile they voted for A. Lukashenko, just not for the prime minister W. Kiebicz. The announcement of authoritative results sparked mass protests.

There are respective reasons for mass protests: the worsening economical situation in the country; the horror of integration with Russia, while besides Russian inspirations of rebellion for weakening A. Lukashenka; the effects of coronavirus (in the country due to quarantine were hundreds of thousands of active Belarusian citizens forced to work for money in Poland, Russia and another countries); open manipulations during the vote and voting results of 80% (it has already proved besides much, possibly a level of 55 percent would be seen more calmly); yet everyone had adequate and grew a fresh generation and others.

Since I received over 80 percent of the votes, why would I fake the election he claimed after the election of A. Lukashenko. In following this logic 1 can ask today: since the erstwhile president of Belarus received over 80% of the vote in the election, and his strongest competitor S. Tichanowska over 10% of the vote, why did the order forces push the demonstrators on the election evening in Minsk and another cities of the country? OMON's forces have done this so brutally (the real “gestapomon!”) that not only abroad have they begun protesting, not only the society of Belarus, but even any representatives of the ruling nomenclature. advanced officials of the MMA apologized for «excess» and no consequences.

The current protests in Belarus against the erstwhile are massively mass and cover almost the full country. They are not centralised and are purely peaceful. Many opposition activists who could lead these protests were inactive arrested until the elections (M. Statkiewicz, P. Siewieryniec). another old opposition leaders – A. Lebedzka, A. Milinkiewicz, A. Sanikow, W. Nieklajew turned out to be not ready for this: they are simply not visible in this protest movement today. The paradox for the opposition was the following: if there were many leaders and fewer protesters before, now there are many protesters and fewer leaders. It sounds brutal, but it's not enough. The peculiarity of the current political situation in Belarus is that everything can change in a fewer days, or possibly not in a fewer years...

For Poland, maintaining the independency of Belarus, in my opinion, is crucial in the geopolitical plan, as well as the anticipation of Polish influences in this country. And the Polish national number in Belarus in this case is essential. Maintaining independency in Belarus is now beyond the scope of the Belarusian opposition, as well as Poland, if there is another agreement between Russia and the USA. Is it worth paying the largest Polish number in the East for the mythical image of “democratic” Belarus?

The real winner of the election is in my opinion W. Putin. A. Lukashenka was again politically sentenced only to Russia (if it persists), as there is no anticipation of political manoeuvre to the West. The president of Belarus in the Russian opinion should forget about 2 directions of his abroad policy (East-West), which he speaks about and tries to implement since 2004.

The political option of fighting for “democracy” in Belarus has now again been won in Poland, sacrificing the Polish national number in favour of Belarusian nationalists. erstwhile Poland acts in the name of «highest standards», another countries verbally agree with this in reality care carefully for their economical and political interests. Even for Belarus, specified as Lithuania and Germany.

The Lithuanians, without looking at allied relations with Poland, view their Poles as an enemy component and material for assimilation. In Belarus, however, Lithuania has long pursued a pragmatic policy: economic, cultural and political contacts are expanding (to the current crisis). Lithuania built and financed 2 cultural and educational complexes for the Lithuanian national number in the late 1990s.

Returning to the situation of Poles in Belarus: the paradox is that Belarus of A. Lukashenko's time is the only country behind the Polish east border which does not effort to destruct traces of Polish culture and heritage. Let us add that it is besides the only country behind the Polish east border, which has the same national heroes as Poles – Adam Mickiewicz, Tadeusz Kościuszko or Ignacy Domeyka. The Belarusian authorities besides admit that these large historical figures have Polish pedigree.

Only the Belarusians behind the east border are not ill-minded for Poles yet, although the propaganda of the Tsar and then the Soviets have done much for the creation of the image of a Pole-arear, exploiter of a simple Belarusian peasant or “white-polak” [2]. And here, not only in the passive mindset of the Belarusians, but besides in historical conditions. The Belarusians felt a separate nation besides late. In the areas of modern Western Belarus, Poles were not only a culturally, politically, but besides numerically dominant nation. In these areas, the Belarusians were a national number and kept it in cultural memory [1]. On the another hand, the situation in east Belarus was different. Here Poles were a national minority. Here, during the January Uprising, Belarusian peasants for 3 rubles with the encouragement of the Tsaric power issued Polish insurgents [3]. Here the russian government organised a class slaughter of Poles-arears (arears of all, not only Poles) and Belarusian peasants participated. akin things already in 1939, made by communist militants utilizing the social margin, repeated in any localities the enclaves of the Orthodox population – Skidlo, Ostryno – in relation to Polish settlers, but they did not dare to attack Polish villages anymore [1].

Belarusians in the territory of the erstwhile Second Republic are mostly influenced by Polish culture. presently Poles and Belarusians in this country live together respecting each other's traditions. Catholic holidays are officially recognized alongside Orthodox ones, rather many mixed marriages.

But that doesn't mean it'll always be like this... And here are the problems. However, in relation to what may arise here after possible reaching the power of Belarusian nationalists, they are insignificant.

The Belarusian nationalists (acurat they form the core of the opposition) claim that Mickiewicz, Kościuszko or Domeyko are Belarusians, and Tadeusz Kościuszko is the most celebrated Belarusian in the world. Not to mention the Polish kings and large Lithuanian princes, who, of course, were Belarusians only that they were unaware of it. It is besides powerfully argued in these environments that there are no Poles in Belarus, but only Belarusian Catholics, or Polishized Belarusians. It is these political groups who accuse the Catholic Church in Belarus of the Polishization of the Belarusians, as in the old days, as in the present [1-2; 7-8; etc.].

In consequence to the requests of the Union of Poles in Belarus to officially aid Poles in Belarus and to visit Minsk, then Minister of abroad Affairs W. Cimoszewicz (former communist) said that he would not even go to the dictator for the Polish national number ... (so essential!). And now ... not only Polish right-wing politicians (Stanisław Karczewski, Witold Waszczykowski) come to it, but besides Western politicians – Angela Merkel, Francois Hollande, John Bolton and others. Roman Giertych although before cheating during the ZPB crisis in 2005 tried to do something ... And everything could have been different in relations – Poland-Belarus, as well as Poles in Belarus.

In 2004, Polish political elites influenced by the success of the “Orange Revolution” in Ukraine went towards utilizing the Union of Poles in Belarus to play against Lukashenko. The fact that the ZPB, like the Polish School Macierz, has a circumstantial cultural and educational activity in their statutes, and that the Belarusian law prohibits social organizations from conducting political activities, was well known in Poland. It was simply stated that the ZPB should be a “apolitical” association that would not act against the Lukashenko regime. As we know, Poland's assistance in «democratization» Belarus is 1 thing, and conflict with the usage of Poles as a tool is another. For now the authoritative ZPB does not work, and it is impossible to conduct statutory activities of unofficial ZPB (science of Polish language, improvement of culture, etc.) on an illegal position.

In March 2005, at the 6th legislature of the Union of Poles in Belarus through various extra-legal manipulations (including criminal manipulations) his president was Andzelika Boris. The Belarusian authorities knew well how the crisis and this change took place (because they besides supported it), what were the objectives of this operation (and what Polish institutions did it) and what the Boris Group was actually doing. It can be assumed that for any centres of power in Minsk the activity of the Borys group was at hand, due to the fact that it practically weakens the importance of the Polish number and paralysed the activities of the ZPB (the legal one). It may indicate that the unique tolerance of the government for Boris herself, who even after performances in Strasbourg, where, as a citizen of Belarus, accused her dictatorial authorities of all the worst – freely returned to the country and continued her activity. So for Polish money, Polish hands destroyed Polishness in Belarus.

Poland in Belarus after 2005 (as it was written not once) in this situation is destroyed by Polish hands and for Polish money: most territorial structures disappeared, the prolian press, radio, tv disappeared, more than 3 times the number of children learning Polish after 2005 and Td. [4]. SLD Kwasniewski-Rotfeld, WIS Kaczyński and PO headed by D. Tuski incorporated the Union of Poles in Belarus in 2005, meaning Polish number into politics in Belarus. It was done with the hands of the Gavin-Borys group to drag the ZPB into the Belarusian political conflict on the side of Belarusian nationalists at the 2006 presidential election. Everywhere in the world, there is simply a regulation that a national number as a collective does not participate in politics on a single side. Of course, personally all Pole in Belarus as a citizen of this country may be a associate of any legal party, but this is his individual choice.

We have a very dangerous tendency to divide Poles in Belarus into “real” and “false”. It is outrageous that people who do not intend to participate in the making of any fresh colorful revolution are called “traitors” or “pseudo Poles”. I want to say again that no 1 in Poland has the right to justice who is simply a good Pole and who is not. There are no Poles Łukaszenko and Poles Tusk – there are cultural Poles in the territories of present Belarus, on land that has been their land for centuries.

Part of Polish politicians again did so in 2010 against the interests of Poland, including in the fight for “democracy” in Belarus, together with the KGB officer of the USSR KGB academy – T. Gavin. More of this in 2010, you can see from D. Tusk's command, Minister Kudrycka hired a professional KGB officer on a phase at her university in Białystok. The professional KGB officer T. Gavin taught Europeanism (!) for Polish youth for the money of the Polish payer (as they said in Białystok – KGB), and thus taught them the principles of democracy. It's hard to even comment. In relation to the category of erstwhile KGB officers, he is in his time another educator of the USSR KGB academy – W. Putin declared as an expert on the subject that the erstwhile in this service does not happen. In our case, the additional argument is that T. Gavin's wife – Natalia (as Gavin himself said – a native Russian female with a Polish card) is the daughter of the KGB General of the USSR – the FSB of Russia (now in the state of «rest» ...but as W. Putin explained...)

It's interesting that these advanced ties had intriguing reflections. For example, during the OSCE conference in Istanbul in 1997 B. Clinton and A. Kwasniewski criticized Belarus for violating human rights. It was then during the individual gathering of A. Kwasniewski and A. Lukashenko that the president of Belarus handed to the president of Poland as a consequence to criticism of the letter of the current president of ZPB T. Gavin. In it our “warrior for democracy” in Belarus thanked president of Belarus A. Lukashenko for the care and care of Poles from Belarus. Long after that, journalists described the face of A. Kwasniewski... By the way – T. Gavin was never able to explain why he wrote this letter without the approval of the ultimate Council of ZPB and how to realize that in Belarus he criticized the government and abroad defended it.... Only that in Poland the prevailing quality of this rapidly “forgotten”.

For all these decades Poland had no concept of an east policy based on a natural lobby – a Polish national group, which in many regions of Grodzińszczyzna is mostly. Hence we have the inability of Polish diplomats in the issue of Poles in Belarus. The doctrine of Giedroycia is simply a waste to us. I wrote this in 2003 [6]. (Limit, No 1, 2003). Are Poles in Belarus written off? It is not about joining Poland, but about solving the problem of Poles in Belarus. Aid: not only material, but above all legal and political.

The Polish card is simply a temporary solution. In addition, the circumstances and the form of its introduction have made it frequently not obtained by indigenous peoples from the province, but by leaders of Belarusian nationalist organizations and even Belarusian smugglers. In them, she was given the name “book of work”. Belarusian websites are full of announcements about the anticipation of obtaining the Polish Card and the price for this service. It's not hard to guess who's behind this.

A dual citizenship institution must be introduced for all willing Poles from the East, including Belarus. Our grandparents and fathers had Polish citizenship and never refused to do so. This means that all their descendants should automatically receive Polish citizenship. Like the Germans, Hungarians, or Jews. And Poland itself does so in relation to Jews who left after 1968. Does the refusal to do so mean that Poles in Belarus are being written off?

National minorities, and especially the Poles in Belarus, cannot be politically involved. The national number must not be afraid with overthrowing the regime. This may become a large threat to her and exposure her to the charge of pursuing the Polishization of the Belarusians. The unnoticeable success of the ZPB in 2000-2005 was that it had respective years of comparative freedom – for the conditions of the ZPB. No 1 from the union premises threw out, no cultural and educational activities were prohibited [6].

The current policy towards the Polish national number in the East has not passed the exam yet and for another reasons: the substance of rebuilding education and creating Polish intelligence has gone completely sideways. Poland builds schools itself, alternatively of having talks with the government of Belarus about beginning specified schools in regions where the Polish population prevails. Studies in Poland, alternatively of helping to make Polish intelligence in the East, became a anticipation for any youth to go to Poland permanently, and for the government of Belarus the anticipation of releasing steam from the boiler [7, p.119]. In Grodno (only about 80 1000 Poles live officially, or actually there are more than 2 times more) there is no Polish Cultural Centre. But there's this center of Azerbaijani culture. In his time, Marshals of the Polish legislature L. Pastusiak refused to propose the Union of Poles in Belarus to build specified a Centre of Polish Culture.

The problems of relations in Poland are hard to understand: Poles in Belarus – the Belarusian state and the Belarusian national movement. In modern Poland, engaged in supporting Belarusian nationalists, there is simply a widespread belief that the triumph of democracy in the RB will besides solve the problems of Belarusian Poles. In particular, this version for Polish youth, including from Belarus, was proposed by Jan Malicki, manager of the School of east Studies of the University of Warsaw. Mythology here is building an alliance with Belarusian and Ukrainian nationalism [5, p.170]

Most activists of the Belarusian national movement talk about the existence of Poles in Belarus only as Belarusian-Catholics, or “poor” Belarusians. Unfortunately, this attitude is not in the past. Belarusian national environments in all periods and political projects fundamentally question the existence of Poles in Belarus and the relations with Poland and Poland in the past treat as always harmful [8, p.164]

In the first period, the Lukashenko group was the only 1 who did not depreciate local Polishness and Lukashenko sought support from ZPB visiting Grodno. From this period, he is known to say that «Poliaky in Grodno eto our people!» [8, p. 166]. Later, on respective occasions referring to the “Polish case” in Belarus, he never claimed that they were Polishized Belarusians. He said “these are my Poles” [8, p. 166]. A. Lukashenko in Istanbul in 1996 declared that the number of Poles in Belarus was 1.5 million. Today's unrest and persecution of the ZPB is, in our opinion, an issue of authoritarianism, that is, independent institutions are unacceptable, not cultural polonophobia of the regime.

From time to time, authoritative Belarusian journalism presents Poland and Polish public organizations as almost a bastion of evil: they say that it has a temptation for part of the Belarusian territory, and even supported an effort to “attack the state”. At least twice in 2011 (and now again in 2020) Belarusian president Aleksander Lukashenko stated that Poland has views on the territory of Belarus. The leaders of Poland, in his opinion, “sleep and see that the border runs under Minsk, cannot agree that the border is there, beyond Grodny”. Accusing Poles of the intention to “cut off part of western Belarus”, the authoritative leader promised: “As long as I live here and be as president of the country, they will not see it as their own ears. Our country is one, integral and indivisible» [9-10].

Historians and local historians Belarusians have generated the dominant alleged national concept of the past of Belarus. Politologists and journalists formulated thesis on the unity of ethnonational inhabitants of modern (and historical) Belarus, in which ideally there was no place for influence and cultural achievements of Poles of these lands [8, p. 167].

The tendency to politicize past in contemporary Belarusian historiography has not been overcome, as shown by the example of the past of Belarus published in Lublin in 2002 (for Polish money) by the author of the known Belarusian historian Z. Szębieka. The author states: «... given the current situation, the cultural model of the people (ethnic, objective) should be sought, but the functional model. Everything in Belarus is Belarusian. All Belarusian citizens are Belarusians» [11, p. 505]. This is an effort to make the course of gradual assimilation – everything in the country to Belarus. The problem examined has become more or little the subject of many publications in a number of Belarusian publications of a national nature and on websites specified as the Belarusian Partizan, and especially the Arche-Pachatak magazine.

In 2018, the Belarusian national communities led a «patriotic run to commemorate «Belarusian defenders of the Homeland» erstwhile Belarusian signs were placed alongside Polish commemorations of January insurgents. As part of the action, commemorative “guns” are set in the burial places of heroes, “who fight for Belarus” [12].

The portal subsidised by Poland by the Belarusian Radio «Racija» (Race), indicating the financial support of the Polish Ministry of abroad Affairs, the global Solidarity Foundation and the Polish Aid Foundation, was clearly approved by him. The organizers of the action – activists supported by Poland by the Belarusian People's Front (BNF, according to which in Belarus there are only Belarusian-Catholics, or «opaczoni» Belarusians) and organization «For Freedom» by Alexander Milinkiewicz [12]. In Poland, he is represented as a Democrat, considered to be a pro-Polish politician (!), to whom in 2005 the authoritative Warsaw Kwasniewski-Rotfeld Union of Poles in Belarus gave up [13, p. 229].

In Grodayszczyz, these “guns” were placed at the monuments of Polish insurgents in the territory of Mostowski on the grave of 12 insurgents in the village of Pacewicze and in Miniewicze close historical Bohatyrowicz at the already commemorated grave – a mound of 40 insurgents – (described by Eliza Orzeszkow in the fresh «Nad Niem») [12].

The actions of the Belarusian state administration consist of the “addition” of Orthodox crosses to Catholic crosses, renovated or restored by local Poles, even in places where there were almost no Orthodox ones. In these cases, i.e. depolonation shares, there is no discrepancy between power and the Belarusian opposition [12]. And Poland? Poland, against the interests of its own and local people, pretends not to announcement it. Furthermore, by financing these organizations, he supports their anti-Polish activities. It's not a novum [12].

The most meaningful is the overwriting in Belarusian: «Айчына абаронцам сваiм. Беларусь перадус м». In Polish it means – «Home to your defenders. Belarus above all». And in Russian it means – « своим защитникам. It means “Vor allem Belarus” or “Belarus uber alles”. Doesn't it look like anything? Why did no 1 in Poland pay attention to this and only financed it?

What is the attitude to the “Polish question” in Belarus can indicate the alleged universal revival front represented by national-oriented historians, local experts, political scholars and journalists. Belarusian nationalist circles (mainly the group of the Belarusian People's Front Zianon Poźniak) in the Polish national revival saw a threat to the Belarusian identity and even the territorial integrity of the state. Active support of the above Belarusian nationalists found in practically the full (without dividing into Łukaszenkowski and national) environment of Belarusian intellectuals, especially historians [8, p. 166].

Belarusian authors mostly support the thesis of «polaczania i okatoczania», based on the fact that «history does not know the large migration from Poland to the WKL area» [14, page 259]. Hence a simple and unambiguous conclusion justifying the common claim that contemporary “Poles” in Belarus are clearly “catolized”, “polonized” Belarusians [15, p. 38]. Z. Winnicki gave as the most apparent example of specified an approach the work of I.A. Sarakawiki, officially recommended by the Belarusian Ministry of Education to survey at all universities in Belarus [16].

Even average S. Aleksievich is known for a number of anti-Polish statements. During a gathering with readers in the library in Brooklyn, fresh York on June 12, 2016, a Belarusian Nobel laureate said that «Poles treated Jews worst of all». In an interview with the writer of the paper «Rzeczpospolita» she confirmed her thesis, citing, among others, the books of Jan T. Gross [17]. «Many years ago, a survey by Jan Grabowski from the University of Ottawa «Hunting on Jews» and 3 books by Jan Tomasz Gross «Neighbours», «Fear» and «Golden Harvest» was published. (...) Gross questioned hundreds of witnesses and gave irrefutable evidence that not only fascist pacifiers were liable for this, but besides Poles who were paid for it with vodka, bread and sugar”, said Svetlana Alexievich, mentioning a number of events described by Gross. She besides referred to him erstwhile she was asked her words that «The priest during the sermons said: kill the Jew» [17].

«When I was writing my books,” said S. Aleksievich, I utilized to ride a lot in Belarus. I've heard the same stories from the people of Western Belarus. No 1 disputes the responsibility of fascists, but unfortunately, they had many voluntary helpers among local residents» [18]. Interestingly, in this opinion, does S. Aleksievich mean that the population of western Belarus are only Poles? The problem is, "S. Aleksievich claimed that your society has an ambiguous attitude towards books that tell the fact about the above mentioned facts. Both you Poles and we have not yet discussed the painful moments of our past [18]. erstwhile asked about the fact that it was clear from her words that Poles had a worse attitude to Jews than Germans, she replied: «I always effort to compose the truth. I have chosen this way a long time ago” [17].

All this was reflected in this part of the “professional Poles” of the group T. Gavin – and his nominee – A. Boris. T. Gavin has for many years been associated with the Belarusian nationalist opposition and attempted to politicize the activities of the ZPB towards the support of the opposition. He even stated in 2004 that he was not Polish but Belarusian of Polish origin [19]. It's just any political fantasy like a crucible of nations in the United States.

The evidence can besides be a message by Anżeliki Boris. In the course of discussions on contemporary problems of Belarusian national identification, she stated that specified recognition occurs. «When speaking Belarusians I besides have in head Poles surviving in Belarus, who as an autochtonic group should besides participate in the formation of this [Belarusian] identification» [8, p. 166]. Again Belarusian of Polish origin for Polish money.

A. Pisalnik (the editor-in-chief of the «Voice from Nemna at the emigration») said similarly, full of respect for Belarusian interests: «There are about 400,000 Poles surviving in Belarus. Incidentally, any leaders of the Polish movement believe that there are more Poles. individual even calls these numbers a million, but this causes large opposition from our Belarusian brothers due to the fact that they are very jealous of it. For example, I think that it is essential to adopt authoritative statistics, authoritative data for the census, hence we Poles live in Belarus 400 thousand» [20].

Today, in my opinion, Belarus should aim at the model of the parliamentary republic and the position of a neutral state in the close future. Only then can the conditions be created for action of the Polish national group in Belarus: revival of culture and national education, national identity, creation of political parties representing the interests of the Polish national minority. Russia can only agree to this option, with a favorable coincidence in 2020. Currently, Poland has no soft power instruments to influence these processes due to the fact that for all these decades it did not have a concept of east policy based on the natural lobby – the Polish national group.

In the long word Belarus will enter the European Community with another weakening of Russia.

25.08.2020. Grodno.

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18.Szosyn, R. Gross-dovidl-Poles-murdered-Jewish/R. Szosyn http://www.rp.pl/Interviews-i- talks/307109968-.htm (дата обращения: 25.08.2020).
19.Protocol of the ZPB General Council on 20 November 2004.
20. Лагунина, И.
https://www.svoboda.org/a/436146.html (дата обращения: 25.08.2020). Grodno. 25.08.20120. T. Kruczkowski